Overview of Russian Hot Pepper Varieties (Capsicum annuum)

Last updated: August 18, 2026

1. General Statistics from the State Register of Breeding Achievements (2024)

Choosing a variety is the first and one of the most important steps when growing hot peppers. To avoid getting lost in the huge assortment of seeds offered by shops and online platforms, experienced gardeners often refer to official registers of breeding achievements. In Russia, this document is the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use. It includes varieties and hybrids that have passed state trials and confirmed their characteristics in various regions of the country.

The State Register is valuable not only as a legal document. It provides an objective picture: which crops and varieties actually officially exist, who created them, for which conditions they are recommended, and what key traits they possess. This helps to distinguish proven options from marketing names under which the same variety or a random mixture is sometimes sold.

According to the 2024 State Register, it includes 139 varieties and hybrids of hot pepper of the species Capsicum annuum. This is a fairly large collection that continues to grow. For comparison, 20–30 years ago the selection was much more modest.

An important detail is the structure of this list. Out of 139 entries:

55 are first‑generation hybrids (F1), which is 40% of the total.
The remaining 84 are varieties – i.e. forms that retain their traits when propagated by seed.

This ratio – about 40% hybrids and 60% varieties – reflects the global trend. F1 hybrids are created for high yield, uniform fruit, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. However, varieties have not lost ground: they allow the gardener to save seeds independently and obtain a stable harvest year after year without the annual cost of buying seed material.

Another notable feature of the register is the age of the entries. Only one variety was entered in the Register in 1979 – the hybrid Tulsky F1. All other hot pepper varieties and hybrids have been registered after 2000. In other words, the modern assortment of hot peppers in Russia has almost completely been renewed over the last two decades. Old Soviet varieties that can still be found in private collections are no longer in the active register.

This statistic is important for the gardener for several reasons:

1. Most varieties available today are modern. They were developed with new requirements in mind: resistance to viral and fungal diseases, ability to set fruit under adverse conditions, improved flavour. This does not mean that old varieties are bad, but their current characteristics can no longer be officially verified through the register.

2. The share of F1 hybrids is high but not dominant. You always have a choice: bet on a powerful uniform hybrid or settle on a variety that you can propagate yourself. For small farmers growing peppers for sale, hybrids are often preferable due to marketable appearance and uniform ripening. For personal gardens and those who value independence from seed shops, varieties remain a reliable option.

3. The register should not be regarded as a ranking of the best. It includes varieties that have passed trials, but “best” always depends on specific conditions and goals. The same variety may perform excellently in protected cultivation and give a modest result in open ground during a cool summer. Therefore, in the following sections, we will examine not only general statistics but also the characteristics by which you can select pepper for your tasks.

Thus, even at the stage of getting acquainted with the register, we see: the choice of hot pepper is large, the market is actively updating, and the gardener has the opportunity to select an option for any purpose – from fresh consumption and pickling to drying and making hot powder. In the following sections, we will take a closer look at who creates these varieties, what characteristics are indicated in the register, and how to navigate them.

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2. Overview of the Largest Originators, Including Foreign Breeders

Understanding who stands behind a particular variety is an important practical skill. The originator in the State Register is the organisation or individual who created the variety or hybrid and is responsible for its maintenance and initial seed production. It is the originator who possesses the most accurate information about the variety's biology, its reaction to growing conditions, disease resistance, and typical yields. By buying seeds from a well-known originator or their official distributors, you are more likely to obtain varietal purity and germination that meet the standards.

The register for hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) lists several dozen originators. They can be roughly divided into three groups:

1. Research institutions – state breeding centres that conduct fundamental breeding and develop varieties well adapted to local conditions.

2. Private breeding firms – commercial companies that actively create both varieties and F1 hybrids, focusing on market demands and modern cultivation technologies.

3. Foreign breeding companies – major international players whose hybrids are increasingly appearing in national registers, including the Russian one.

Let us look at the most notable representatives of each group.

Russian Research Institutions

Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Growing (FSCVG, formerly VNIISSOK) – one of the oldest and most respected breeding centres in Russia, located in the Moscow region. In the hot pepper register, it has a number of varieties, many of which have become popular among gardeners. Among them: Baranii Rog (Ram's Horn), Volshebny Buket (Magic Bouquet), Zhguchy Buket (Burning Bouquet), Zolotnichok (Little Gold), Malenky Prints (Little Prince), Mechta Khozyayki (Housewife's Dream), Ognennaya Deva (Fiery Maiden), Ognenny Vulkan (Fire Volcano), Chudo Podmoskovya (Moscow Region Wonder), Yubileiny VNIISSOK (VNIISSOK Jubilee), Yazyk Drakona (Dragon's Tongue) and others. Varieties from this centre are known for reliability, stable yields across different regions, and often have pronounced aroma and heat. FSCVG breeding focuses on amateur and small‑scale production, so many varieties do not require complex shaping and are suitable for open ground and film covers.

Private Russian Breeding Firms

Among commercial originators of hot pepper, several companies stand out, well known to gardeners for their brightly packaged seeds.

LLC “Selection Firm Gavrish” – one of the most active originators. In the hot pepper register, it and its affiliated companies (Research Institute of Vegetable Crop Breeding, NPO Gavrish) list dozens of varieties and hybrids: Aleksinsky, Bandit, Zhguchy Yazyk (Burning Tongue), Kinzhal (Dagger), Kolokolchik (Little Bell), Kortik F1, Krasny Kolokolchik (Red Bell), Machete F1, Ognenny Drakon (Fire Dragon), Ozornik (Mischief), Plamya Drakona (Dragon's Flame), Salamandra, Harakiri F1, Khuligan Jalapeno, and many others. Gavrish's assortment covers the entire spectrum of heat – from mild to very hot, as well as various fruit shapes and colours. Hybrids from this firm often have resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and high yields.

LLC “Agrofirma Aelita” – another major player. In the register, dozens of its varieties are listed: Baranii Rog, Bengalskie Ogni (Bengal Lights), Vengersky Zhelty (Hungarian Yellow), Gorky Shokolad (Bitter Chocolate), Joker, Zhguchy Nos (Burning Nose), Indiysky Slon (Indian Elephant), Karabas Barabas, Kogot Orla (Eagle's Claw), Kopye Indeitsa (Indian Spear), Macho, Medvezhy Kogot (Bear Claw), Ognenny Shariki (Fiery Balls), Plamenny Privet (Fiery Greeting), Teshchin Yazyk (Mother‑in‑law's Tongue), Shtopor (Corkscrew) and others. Aelita's assortment is distinguished by a noticeable bias toward original shapes and colours, as well as the presence of both very hot and moderately pungent varieties. Many varieties are adapted to open ground and film covers in various regions.

LLC “Agrofirma Poisk” – also among the leading originators. Its hot pepper varieties include: Astrakhansky 147 (Astrakhan 147), Baranii Rog (together with FSCVG and Aelita), Zolotnichok, Krasny Tolstyak (Red Chubby), Ognenny Flazhok (Fiery Flag), Yarkaya Zarya (Bright Dawn). Poisk often collaborates with scientific institutions and relies on time‑tested varieties with good adaptation to different conditions.

LLC “Agrofirma Sedek” and its affiliate LLC “NPP Sedek‑Domodedovo” – originators of such varieties and hybrids as Vengersky Zhelty, Vikhr (Whirlwind), Gorgona, Dinozavr F1, Zmey Gorynych F1, Kitaysky Ogon F1, Klyuv Sokola (Falcon's Beak), Krasny Drakon (Red Dragon), Krokodil F1, Mamka, Molniya Zolotaya F1, Molniya Krasnaya F1, Molniya Chernaya F1, Petrovich F1, Sharm, and others. Sedek's breeding is known for high hybrid yields and a variety of fruit colours. Many F1 hybrids from this firm are intended for commercial production in protected cultivation.

Other notable Russian originators:

LLC “Euro‑Semena” – varieties Bella, Zhigan, Paladin, Rekrut, Sirin, Junker, Janissary. They show interest in varieties with unusual fruit shapes and resistance to waterlogging.
LLC NPF “Agrosemtoms” (Kirov) – varieties Avrora 81, Ostryak (Peppery), Tonus (Tone). Specialises in varieties for northern regions, with good cold tolerance.
LLC “SDK‑Sids” – hybrids Bonnie F1, Clyde F1, Puli Capone F1, Ognennoye Dykhaniye (Fiery Breath). Often positions products for professional growing.
LLC “Vashe Khozyaystvo” (Nizhny Novgorod) – Zhguchy Yazyk, Playtime F1. Oriented towards amateur vegetable growing.
LLC “Breeding and Seed Firm Manul” – Neposeda (Fidget), Shock (with Tomagros). An old private breeding firm, known for varieties for protected cultivation.

Foreign Originators

International breeding companies are actively present in the Russian register. Their hybrids often feature high technology, fruit uniformity, and disease resistance, which is especially important for commercial production.

Among the most notable:

HM. CLAUSE (France) – a major international company. Its hybrids in the register: Biskra F1, Drako F1, Canario Real, Mixteco F1, Safyan F1, Tassili F1, Everman F1. Hybrids from this firm are renowned for large fruits, thick walls, and good yields in southern regions.
Enza Zaden (Netherlands) – a world leader in vegetable breeding. In the register: Cuatrero F1, Forajido F1, Highfly F1, Hotstar F1, Shakira F1. They are distinguished by stability, heat tolerance, and high marketable output.
Rijk Zwaan (Netherlands) – another Dutch company with a global reputation. In the register: Pietro F1, Thunder F1, Janka F1. Their hybrids are often intended for professional cultivation in open and protected ground.
Sakata Vegetables Europe (France/Japan) – hybrids Blade F1, Kohiba F1, Sonora F1. Known for uniformity and high fruit quality.
Bejo Zaden (Netherlands) – hybrid Angara F1, demonstrating excellent yields in open ground in southern regions.
Syngenta Crop Protection (Switzerland) – hybrids Saidah F1 and Chemsi F1, oriented to protected cultivation.
Nunhems (Netherlands) – hybrid Fandador F1.
Greenomica Ltd (UK) – an active supplier of hybrids for the Russian market, often in partnership with Russian companies. In the register: Alpaka F1, Kombat F1, Sarmat F1, Habanera F1. Many of its hybrids are adapted to open and protected ground.
Yuksel Tohumculuk (Turkey) – hybrid Hedar F1, characterised by heat tolerance.
La Società delle Scienze Umane (Italy) – variety Fuocare, an example of European breeding of very hot pepper.
Greentime GmbH (Germany) – hybrid Hotti F1 with very high yields in southern regions.

What This Means for the Gardener

Knowledge of the originator helps navigate the stream of seeds, but should not be the sole selection criterion. Here are a few practical takeaways:

Varieties from research institutions are generally reliable and well‑zoned. Choose them if you grow pepper in an unstable climate or want a harvest without complex agricultural techniques.
Hybrids from private Russian firms often combine high yield with adaptation to local conditions. They suit both amateurs and small farmers.
Foreign hybrids often surpass in marketable quality and resistance, but require stricter adherence to agronomic practices (watering, nutrition, shaping). Their seeds are usually more expensive, and they are more often designed for intensive cultivation in protected ground or in southern regions.
When buying seeds, pay attention to who is listed as the originator. Reputable manufacturers always print this information on the package. If the originator is known, the risk of getting mis‑sorted or poor‑quality seeds is lower.

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3. Characteristics Used in the State Register

The descriptions of varieties in the State Register appear as a compact set of standard parameters. At first glance, they seem dry and technical, but it is precisely in them that the most important information for practical selection is encoded. Let us briefly analyse each block so that you can easily read and compare any descriptions.

Category: Variety or F1 Hybrid

This is the first thing to pay attention to. Variety is a stable form that retains its traits when propagated by seed. Seeds can be collected independently, and the offspring will be similar to the parents. F1 hybrid is the result of crossing two specially selected parental lines. Such plants are usually more vigorous, more productive, more uniform, and often more disease‑resistant, but collecting seeds from them is pointless: in the second generation, traits split, and the harvest will be unpredictable. Both types are clearly marked in the register.

Growing Conditions

The description always indicates for which conditions the variety is intended:

Open ground – without cover, in the open air.
Film covers – temporary tunnels, cold frames, unheated greenhouses with film coating.
Protected ground – permanent greenhouses, often with controlled microclimate. For such greenhouses, the register additionally specifies the light zone (I, II, III, IV), which reflects the level of natural illumination in different regions of the country.

Most hot pepper varieties and hybrids included in the register are universal: they are approved for both open ground and film covers. However, there are entries intended only for protected ground – they should not be grown in open field, especially in cool climates.

Ripening Time

It is indicated either by words (early‑ripening, mid‑early, mid‑season, mid‑late, late‑ripening) or by the exact number of days from full emergence to the beginning of technical or biological maturity. For practice, it is important to understand:

Technical maturity – the fruit has reached the size and shape typical for the variety, but has not yet acquired its final colour. It can already be picked and used.
Biological maturity – the fruit is fully ripe and has coloured to its final colour (red, yellow, orange, etc.).

Hot peppers are often harvested at biological maturity, especially for drying and powder, but many varieties are also used at technical maturity. Early‑ripening varieties have time to ripen in open ground even in northern regions; late‑ripening varieties require a longer warm period or growing in protected ground.

Plant

This block describes the bush habit:

Bush type: standard, semi‑standard, spreading, closed, semi‑spreading. This affects planting scheme and the need for staking.
Height: from short (30–50 cm) to very tall (over 100 cm). Tall plants in a greenhouse require shaping and staking; short ones are convenient for containers and open ground.
Determinacy/indeterminacy: determinate varieties are limited in growth and often do not require shaping; indeterminate ones grow continuously and, under favourable conditions, produce more fruits but need pinching and support.

Sometimes the description separately states: “does not require plant shaping”. This is valuable for those who do not want to spend time on side‑shoot removal.

Leaf

Leaf size, colour, and wrinkling provide indirect information about the variety. For example, a dark‑green large leaf usually indicates a good assimilation surface and potentially high yield, while a small leaf is often found in ornamental and very hot varieties. However, for practical selection, this parameter is secondary.

Fruit

This is the most important block for the gardener. The register indicates:

Position: drooping (hanging down), erect, horizontal. This affects susceptibility to sunburn and ease of harvest.
Shape: conical, narrow‑conical, trunk‑shaped, elongated‑conical, prismatic, cuboid, round, heart‑shaped, bell‑shaped, etc. Shape is important for choosing a processing method: for example, trunk‑shaped are convenient for drying whole, cuboid and prismatic – for stuffing.
Size: from very small (1–3 g) to large (150–250 g). Small ones are often dried or pickled whole; large ones are used for stuffing, lecho, sauces.
Colour: both the colour at technical maturity (green, yellowish, greenish‑white, purple, etc.) and at biological maturity (red, dark red, yellow, orange, brown) are indicated. Some varieties are beautiful precisely at technical maturity, so they are used for canning when immature.
Fruit weight: average weight of one fruit in grams. Allows you to estimate how many fruits are needed for a particular dish.
Wall thickness: one of the key indicators. Thick‑walled (5–8 mm) – juicy, fleshy, suitable for stuffing and fresh consumption; thin‑walled (1–3 mm) – dry quickly, ideal for drying, making powder, and seasonings.
Number of locules: the number of chambers inside the fruit. Affects seed yield and sometimes the shape in cross‑section.

Taste (Heat)

Heat in the register is assessed by qualitative categories: mild, semi‑hot, hot, very hot, medium‑hot, highly hot. Exact Scoville units (SHU) are not given in the register, so one relies on these descriptions. For those who cannot tolerate strong pungency, choose mild and semi‑hot varieties; for thrill‑seekers – hot and very hot. The presence of aroma (weak, strong, peppery) is also indicated, which is important for seasonings and drying.

Yield

Yield is given in kilograms per square metre, often separately for open ground and for film covers, as well as for different regions. It is important to understand that the register provides average results of state trials, and in specific conditions yields may differ. Nevertheless, it is convenient to compare varieties by this indicator: if one variety gives 2 kg/m² and another – 6 kg/m², the difference is significant.

Resistance to Diseases and Stresses

Descriptions often include notes:

Resistant to TMV – tobacco mosaic virus, one of the most harmful diseases of pepper.
Resistant to Verticillium wilt, Fusarium wilt – fungal diseases.
Drought‑tolerant, heat‑tolerant – important for southern regions.
Tolerant to waterlogging – for rainy regions and heavy soils.
Shade‑tolerant – for conditions of insufficient light.
Relatively resistant to adverse conditions – a complex characteristic indicating the variety's plasticity.

If a variety has such notes, it significantly increases the chances of a stable harvest in an unfavourable year.

Region of Approval

The State Register divides the territory of Russia into 12 regions (from Northern to Far Eastern). For most hot pepper varieties, it is indicated that they are approved in all 12 regions. This means that the variety has passed trials in different climatic zones and is considered suitable. However, some varieties may be zoned only for a specific region or group of regions – this should be noted, especially if you live in extreme conditions.

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4. Top Most Popular Varieties

The popularity of a variety among gardeners is a good guide, although not the only one. If a variety is often searched for online, it means people talk about it, are interested in it, and recommend it. We have selected from the register seven entries that can be called the most recognisable and sought‑after among Russian gardeners. Let us examine them in more detail so that you understand why they are popular and for which purposes they are best suited.

Baranii Rog (Ram's Horn)

An early‑ripening variety, approved in all 12 regions. The plant is closed, medium height. Fruits are drooping, trunk‑shaped, long, weighing 15–20 g, with a thin wall of 1.5–2.0 mm. At technical maturity, greenish‑white; at biological maturity, dark red. Taste is very hot. Yield under film covers is about 3.0 kg/m². The variety is tolerant to waterlogging.

The popularity of “Ram's Horn” is explained by several factors. Firstly, it is very hot and aromatic, which is valued by lovers of spicy cuisine. Secondly, the thin wall makes it ideal for drying and making powder. Thirdly, the variety is unpretentious and bears fruit stably even in not the most favourable conditions. It is often recommended for whole pickling and preparing hot seasonings.

Kolokolchik (Little Bell)

An early‑ripening variety. Plant semi‑spreading, medium height. Fruits drooping, prismatic, smooth, weighing 70–90 g, with wall thickness about 4 mm. At technical maturity, greenish‑white; at biological maturity, red. Taste semi‑hot. Yield under film covers 4.0–5.5 kg/m².

The main advantage of “Little Bell” is the combination of moderate heat and juicy, fleshy pulp. The fruits are quite large, suitable for stuffing, lecho, canning, and fresh consumption. The semi‑hot taste makes it universal for families where not everyone likes strong pungency. Thanks to high yield and uniform ripening, the variety is loved by both summer residents and small‑scale producers.

Ogonyok (Spark)

A mid‑season variety. Plant closed, medium height. Fruits drooping, narrow‑conical, long, weighing about 20 g, with a very thin wall of 1.5 mm. At technical maturity, green; at biological maturity, dark red. Aroma strong, peppery. Yield up to 3.8 kg/m². Resistant to Verticillium wilt.

“Spark” is a classic of Soviet and Russian gardening. Many remember it as the benchmark hot pepper for windowsills and gardens. It is indeed very hot, with a pronounced aroma. Thin‑walled fruits dry well, so “Spark” is often grown for powder and whole dried pods. The variety is reliable, easy to grow even for beginners. Despite the emergence of new varieties, “Spark” remains in the top due to its recognisability and stability.

Astrakhansky 147 (Astrakhan 147)

A mid‑early variety. Plant semi‑spreading, medium height. Fruits drooping, narrow‑conical, short, weighing 41–45 g, with a very thin wall of 1 mm. Taste is very hot. Yield 2.5–2.7 kg/m². Approved for open ground.

“Astrakhan 147” is another cult variety known since Soviet times. Its popularity is linked to its pronounced pungency and suitability for classic Astrakhan pickles and marinades. The fruits are small, very hot, with thin skin. The variety is well adapted to open ground conditions, especially in southern regions, but it is also grown in more northern areas through seedlings. If you need pepper for canning with a characteristic hot taste – this is a reliable choice.

Shakira F1

A mid‑season first‑generation hybrid. Plant closed, medium height. Fruits drooping, narrow‑conical, weighing 45–50 g, with wall thickness 4–5 mm. At technical maturity, green; at biological maturity, red. Taste hot, aroma weak. Yield in open ground 3.4 kg/m². The hybrid was created by Enza Zaden (Netherlands).

“Shakira F1” is an example of how foreign breeding gains popularity among Russian gardeners. The hybrid stands out with rather large fruits for a hot pepper, with fleshy walls, which is atypical for pungent varieties. It is convenient to use for stuffing, making sauces, and pickling in pieces. High fruit uniformity and stable yield make Shakira attractive for commercial cultivation. The heat is moderate but sufficient for a hot pepper.

Yazyk Drakona (Dragon's Tongue)

A mid‑season variety. Plant spreading, height 90–100 cm. Fruits drooping, trunk‑shaped, slightly ribbed, weighing only 3.2 g, with a very thin wall of 0.8 mm. Taste hot, aroma strong. Yield under film covers 1.2 kg/m². Does not require plant shaping.

“Dragon's Tongue” is a typical representative of small‑fruited ornamental hot peppers. Its popularity is explained by the original fruit shape – long, curved, reminiscent of tongues – and a strong aroma. The fruits are ideal for whole drying and powder preparation. The variety is unpretentious, grows well in open ground and containers, and can be used as an ornamental plant. Despite a low yield in kilograms, the number of fruits per bush is large, and their aroma and heat compensate for the small mass.

Macho

A mid‑season variety. Plant semi‑spreading, short. Fruits drooping, cuboid, short, with a diameter larger than usual, weighing about 150 g, with wall thickness 5 mm. At technical maturity, dark green; at biological maturity, red. Yield under film covers 4 kg/m².

“Macho” stands out among other hot peppers with its large cuboid fruits and thick, juicy walls. In appearance, it resembles sweet bell pepper, but has a pronounced heat. Thanks to its fleshiness, Macho is excellent for stuffing, making lecho, sauces, and canning in pieces. The short bush is convenient for growing under film covers and even in large pots. The variety is valued for its high yield and versatility.

Conclusions

The seven described varieties and hybrids represent different types of hot pepper: from very hot thin‑walled, ideal for drying, to moderately hot fleshy, suitable for stuffing and fresh consumption. Their popularity is confirmed by high search demand, but the choice should still be made based on your own goals. If you need pepper for powder – look at “Ram's Horn”, “Spark”, or “Dragon's Tongue”. For stuffing and sauces – “Little Bell”, “Macho”, or “Shakira F1”. And if you want a classic for marinades – “Astrakhan 147” will not disappoint.

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5. Overview of Hot Pepper Varieties (Capsicum annuum) by Main Characteristics

5.1. By Heat Level and Taste

Heat is the first thing most gardeners pay attention to when choosing a hot pepper. In the State Register, heat is assessed by qualitative categories, not exact Scoville units. This is convenient for initial orientation: you immediately understand how pungent the fruit will be. Let us consider varieties by three main groups.

Mild and Semi‑hot

These peppers give a light spiciness without overpowering the flavour of dishes. They are suitable for those who want to add a bit of kick to salads, sauces, lecho, or preserves, but are not ready for a burning heat. Often such varieties have fleshy walls and a pronounced peppery aroma.

Mild – heat is minimally felt:

Zhguchaya Perchinka (Burning Pepper) – early‑ripening, fruits 100–120 g, wall 4–5 mm, yield up to 4.9 kg/m². Good for fresh salads and light sauces.
Ognenny Drakon (Fire Dragon) – early‑ripening, fruits 80–90 g, wall 3–5 mm, yield 4.5–4.8 kg/m². Distinguished by juiciness and mild taste.
Teshcha Moya (My Mother‑in‑law) – mid‑season, fruits very large 170–240 g, wall 4–5 mm, yield 6.5–6.8 kg/m². One of the most productive mild varieties.
Krasny Kolokolchik (Red Bell) – mid‑season, fruits 50–70 g, wall 2–4 mm, yield 2.7–3.0 kg/m². Beautiful bell‑shaped pepper.

Semi‑hot – heat is noticeable but not scorching:

Kolokolchik – early‑ripening, fruits 70–90 g, wall 4 mm, yield 4.0–5.5 kg/m². Versatile, one of the most popular.
Vengersky Zhelty (Hungarian Yellow) – early‑ripening, fruits 60 g, wall 4 mm, yield 6.4 kg/m². Valued for high yield and pleasant taste.
Vikhr (Whirlwind) – mid‑season, fruits 40 g, wall 4 mm, yield 7.2 kg/m². Record yield among semi‑hot varieties.
Indiysky Slon (Indian Elephant) – mid‑season, fruits 22–25 g, wall 2 mm, yield 3.0–3.5 kg/m². Elongated trunk‑shaped fruits, convenient for drying.
Chudo Podmoskovya (Moscow Region Wonder) – early‑ripening, fruits 36.5 g, wall 2 mm, yield 3.6–3.9 kg/m². Proven variety with good fruit set.
Mechta Khozyayki (Housewife's Dream) – mid‑season, fruits 32–35 g, wall 2.7 mm, yield 3.2–3.5 kg/m². Semi‑hot with strong aroma, suitable for powder.
Molniya Zolotaya F1, Molniya Krasnaya F1, Molniya Chernaya F1 – early‑ripening hybrids with fruits 80–100 g and yield up to 8 kg/m². Distinguished by unusual colouring and stable yields.

Hot

Classic pungent peppers that provide a pronounced heat. They are used for marinades, hot seasonings, drying, and canning. Most varieties in this group have thin or medium walls, which allows them to release heat well.

Ogonyok (Spark) – mid‑season, fruits 20 g, wall 1.5 mm. Legendary variety with strong aroma, ideal for drying and powder.
Astrakhansky 147 – mid‑early, fruits 41–45 g, wall 1 mm. Classic for pickling, very hot.
Shakira F1 – mid‑season hybrid, fruits 45–50 g, wall 4–5 mm. A rare case: hot and fleshy at the same time.
Karabas Barabas – early‑ripening, fruits 90 g, wall 4–5 mm. Hot, drought‑tolerant, with large fruits.
Plamya Drakona (Dragon's Flame) – mid‑season, fruits 70–100 g, wall 3–5 mm. Productive, with bright flavour.
Machete F1 – early‑ripening hybrid, fruits 35–50 g, wall 2–2.5 mm. Hot, with high yield 4.3–4.8 kg/m².
Kogot Orla (Eagle's Claw) – mid‑season, fruits 55–65 g, wall 3 mm. Trunk‑shaped, suitable for drying.
Paladin – early‑ripening, fruits 30–40 g, wall 3–5 mm. Tolerant to waterlogging.
Yazyk Drakona (Dragon's Tongue) – mid‑season, fruits only 3.2 g, wall 0.8 mm. Very aromatic, ideal for whole drying and powder.
Shock – mid‑season, fruits 20–23 g, wall 1–2 mm. Strong peppery aroma.

Very Hot and Highly Hot

These peppers are intended for true lovers of pungency. They are used in minimal quantities for making extremely hot sauces, adjika, powder, and infusions. Many of them have very thin walls and strong aroma.

Baranii Rog (Ram's Horn) – early‑ripening, fruits 15–20 g, wall 1.5–2 mm. Very hot, tolerant to waterlogging, popularity leader.
Zmey Gorynych F1 – mid‑season hybrid, fruits 12 g, wall 2 mm. Highly hot, suitable for drying and long storage.
Klyuv Sokola (Falcon's Beak) – mid‑season, fruits 3–4 g, wall 1.5–2 mm. Highly hot, with clustered fruit arrangement.
Mamka – mid‑season, fruits 20 g, wall 2–3 mm. Highly hot, traditional for drying.
Ozornik (Mischief) – mid‑early, fruits 50–70 g, wall 3–4 mm. Highly hot, but with fairly fleshy walls.
Salamandra – early‑ripening, fruits 50–70 g, wall 2–3 mm. Highly hot, with yellow biological colour.
Ognenny Flazhok (Fiery Flag) – mid‑season, fruits 10–14 g, wall 1–2.5 mm. Very hot, strong aroma.
Yarkaya Zarya (Bright Dawn) – mid‑season, fruits 10–14 g, wall 1–2.5 mm. Very hot, with strong peppery aroma.
Fuocare – early‑ripening, fruits 12 g, wall 1 mm. Very hot, Italian breeding.
Harakiri F1 – mid‑early hybrid, fruits 80–90 g, wall 4–4.5 mm. Very hot, yet fleshy and productive (6.5–7.0 kg/m²). Unique combination.

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5.2. By Wall Thickness and Purpose

The wall thickness of the fruit directly determines how best to use the pepper. Thin‑walled fruits dry quickly and are ideal for obtaining powder and whole dried pods. Thick‑walled ones are juicy and fleshy – they are stuffed, pickled in pieces, made into lecho and sauces. Universal ones are intermediate, suitable for most tasks.

Thin‑walled (1–3 mm)

These are the peppers most often used for drying and making hot powder. They quickly lose moisture, store well in dried form, and concentrate heat. Many of them are very aromatic.

Astrakhansky 147 – wall 1 mm. Classic for drying and whole pickling.
Yazyk Drakona (Dragon's Tongue) – wall 0.8 mm. Extremely thin, dries faster than all.
Zhguchy Buket (Burning Bouquet) – wall 1 mm. Small fruits 1–2 g, arranged in bouquets, ideal for decorative drying.
Malenky Prints (Little Prince) – wall 1.4 mm. Round small fruits, aromatic.
Neposeda (Fidget) – wall 1 mm. Very hot, suitable for indoor growing.
Ognennaya Deva (Fiery Maiden) – wall 1 mm. Strong aroma, for spices.
Ognenny Vulkan (Fire Volcano) – wall 1 mm. Fruits 19 g, good fruit set.
Shock – wall 1–2 mm. Strong peppery aroma.
Fuocare – wall 1 mm. Very hot, dries instantly.
Svirel (Pipe) – wall 1 mm. Early‑ripening, for drying whole.
Krasny Drakon (Red Dragon) – wall 1–1.5 mm. Suitable for drying and storage.

Thick‑walled (4–8 mm)

Fleshy peppers that resemble sweet bell pepper in structure but have heat. They can be stuffed, cut into salads, made into sauces, lecho, baked, pickled in large pieces.

Bella – wall 6 mm, fruits 60 g. Hot, juicy, tolerant to waterlogging.
Mixteco F1 – wall 7–8 mm, fruits 52–79 g. Hybrid with very thick flesh.
Sirin – wall 8.7 mm, fruits 80 g. One of the thickest‑walled in the register, original flat‑round shape.
Khuligan Jalapeno – wall 6–8 mm, fruits 70–90 g. Medium‑hot, reminiscent of Mexican jalapeño in taste.
Everman F1 – wall 6–8 mm, fruits 55–72 g. Mid‑season hybrid with excellent yield.
Dinozavr F1 – wall 6 mm, fruits 95 g. Yellow colour at biological maturity.
Molniya Zolotaya F1 – wall 6 mm, fruits up to 200 g. Semi‑hot, very productive.
Zhguchee Ukho (Burning Ear) – wall 4–6 mm, fruits 80–110 g. Medium‑hot.
Macho – wall 5 mm, fruits 150 g. Cuboid, very large for a hot pepper.
Bonnie F1 – wall 5 mm, fruits 60–70 g. Resistant to TMV.
Clyde F1 – wall 5 mm, fruits 70–90 g. Up to 25 fruits per plant.
Fandador F1 – wall 5–6 mm, fruits 45–50 g. Medium‑hot, for pickling.
Junker – wall 5 mm, fruits 60–70 g. Hot, erect fruits.
Krokodil F1 – wall 5 mm, fruits 130–150 g. Very long, productive.
Harakiri F1 – wall 4–4.5 mm. Very hot but juicy.

Universal (3–4 mm)

The most numerous group. Such peppers are suitable for canning, drying, and cooking. They can be used fresh, added to dishes, pickled, or dried if necessary.

Baranii Rog – wall 1.5–2 mm (formally thin‑walled, but very popular and versatile: pickling, drying, seasonings).
Kolokolchik – wall 4 mm. Semi‑hot, great for fresh salads and lecho.
Shakira F1 – wall 4–5 mm. Hot, fleshy, suitable for stuffing.
Machete F1 – wall 2–2.5 mm. Hot, good for drying and marinades.
Plamya Drakona – wall 3–5 mm. Hot, productive.
Ozornik – wall 3–4 mm. Highly hot but juicy.
Kinzhal (Dagger) – wall 4–5 mm. Medium‑hot, short.
Petrovich F1 – wall 3 mm. Hot, with strong aroma, suitable for freezing and drying.
Mechta Khozyayki – wall 2.7 mm. Semi‑hot, versatile.
Salamandra – wall 2–3 mm. Highly hot, yellow fruits.

Practical Takeaway

When choosing wall thickness, start from the goal:

For drying and powder take thin‑walled varieties with strong aroma (Astrakhansky 147, Yazyk Drakona, Ogonyok, Fuocare).
For stuffing, sauces, lecho, and fresh salads – thick‑walled (Bella, Mixteco F1, Macho, Sirin, Khuligan Jalapeno).
For universal use – medium thickness, so that both preserves and drying are possible if needed (Kolokolchik, Shakira F1, Plamya Drakona).

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5.3. By Fruit Shape and Size

The shape and size of the hot pepper determine not only its appearance but also the convenience of processing. Long and thin fruits are easier to dry whole and string on a thread; round and heart‑shaped ones are easier to stuff or preserve whole; small ornamental ones are good for growing in pots and for decorating dishes. Let us consider the main groups.

Long Trunk‑shaped and Elongated‑Conical

This is the most recognisable shape of hot pepper: elongated, often slightly curved fruits. They are convenient for whole pickling, drying “for the winter”, and making traditional hot seasonings. Many varieties in this group have thin walls and strong aroma.

Trunk‑shaped (very long, narrow):

Baranii Rog – fruits 15–20 g, length up to 25–30 cm, very hot. Ideal for drying and seasonings.
Yazyk Drakona – fruits 3.2 g, very thin and curved. Dry well whole.
Shtopor (Corkscrew) – fruits 20 g, twisted, resembling a corkscrew. Early‑ripening.
Krasny Drakon – fruits 10 g, length up to 15 cm. Mild at technical, medium‑hot at biological maturity.
Indiysky Slon – fruits 22–25 g, semi‑hot, good for drying.
Zhguchy Nos (Burning Nose) – fruits 30 g, mid‑season, drought‑tolerant.
Kogot Orla – fruits 55–65 g, hot, fleshier than most trunk‑shaped.
Drako F1 – hybrid, fruits 50–60 g, very long.
Safyan F1 – fruits 90 g, large, hot, with strong aroma.
Tassili F1 – fruits 90 g, hot, heat‑tolerant.
Hedar F1 – fruits 60 g, heat‑tolerant hybrid.
Janissary – fruits 40 g, very long, hot.
Rapira F1 – fruits 65–75 g, hot.
Kombat F1 – fruits 40–70 g, trunk‑shaped, hot.

Elongated‑conical (long, tapering to the tip):

Ogonyok – fruits 20 g, classic shape, very hot.
Astrakhansky 147 – fruits 41–45 g, short but narrow, hot.
Zhguchy Yazyk (Burning Tongue) – fruits 150–250 g, one of the largest in this group, hot.
Karabas Barabas – fruits 90 g, hot, drought‑tolerant.
Plamya Drakona – fruits 70–100 g, hot.
Machete F1 – fruits 35–50 g, hot, high‑yielding.
Petrovich F1 – fruits 60–70 g, hot, with strong aroma.
Salamandra – fruits 50–70 g, highly hot, yellow at biological maturity.
Highfly F1 – fruits 45–50 g, very long, hot.
Krokodil F1 – fruits 130–150 g, very large, fleshy.
Teshcha Moya – fruits 170–240 g, very large, mild.
Zhguchaya Perchinka – fruits 100–120 g, mild.
Ognenny Drakon – fruits 80–90 g, mild.

Medium‑sized Conical

A universal shape, suitable for stuffing, pickling in pieces, and fresh consumption. Fruits usually weigh 30–100 g, with walls from thin to medium. Such peppers are convenient in cooking.

Kolokolchik – prismatic, but often classified as conical; fruits 70–90 g, semi‑hot.
Bella – conical, 60 g, wall 6 mm, hot.
Vengersky Zhelty – narrow‑conical, 60 g, semi‑hot.
Vikhr – narrow‑conical, 40 g, semi‑hot.
Gorgona – conical, 20–25 g, hot.
Clyde F1 – conical, 70–90 g, wall 5 mm, hot.
Kortik F1 – narrow‑conical, 45–65 g, semi‑hot.
Krasny Tolstyak – conical, 60–90 g, hot.
Medvezhy Kogot – narrow‑conical, 60 g, hot.
Sonora F1 – conical, 25 g, hot, heat‑tolerant.
Tonus – conical, 15 g, for spices.
Khuligan Jalapeno – conical, 70–90 g, medium‑hot.
Shakira F1 – narrow‑conical, 45–50 g, hot.
Kinzhal – narrow‑conical, 90–130 g, medium‑hot.
Ozornik – narrow‑conical, 50–70 g, highly hot.

Round, Heart‑shaped, Bell‑shaped, and Small‑fruited Ornamental

These peppers have an unusual shape and are often used as ornamental plants – in flower beds, balconies, windowsills. The fruits are small, numerous, with strong aroma. Many have clustered arrangement (fruits pointing upward).

Round and flat‑round:

Zhigan – round, 15–20 g, very hot.
Ognenny Shariki (Fiery Balls) – round, 3.5 g, early‑ripening.
Rekrut – flat‑round, 20–25 g, hot.
Sirin – flat‑round, 80 g, thick‑walled, hot.
Malenky Prints – round, 3.4 g, for spices and decoration.

Heart‑shaped and bell‑shaped:

Goryachee Serdtse (Hot Heart) – heart‑shaped, 25 g, early‑ripening.
Sharovaya Molniya (Ball Lightning) – heart‑shaped, 7 g, early‑ripening.
Zhguchy Blondin (Burning Blond) – bell‑shaped, 22 g, cream colour.
Krasny Kolokolchik – bell‑shaped, 50–70 g, mild.
Volshebny Buket – narrow‑triangular, gathered in bunches of 5–10, 2.7 g.
Zhguchy Buket – elongated‑conical, 1–2 g, up to 200 fruits per plant.
Klyuv Sokola – small, 3–4 g, clustered arrangement.
(Bride – not in register, similar omitted).

Small‑fruited ornamental:

Ognenny Vulkan – fruits 19 g, clustered arrangement, for spices.
Ognennaya Deva – 3.5 g, strong aroma.
Neposeda – 1.9–2.5 g, up to 100 fruits, shade‑tolerant.
Salsa – 15–20 g, fruits erect.

Large‑fruited Cuboid and Prismatic

Peppers with a shape similar to sweet bell pepper but with heat. They have thick fleshy walls, large size. Ideal for stuffing, baking, lecho, canning in pieces. Heat is usually moderate or medium‑hot.

Macho – cuboid, 150 g, wall 5 mm, hot.
Zhguchie Kolobki (Burning Buns) – cuboid, 20–25 g (small but cuboid).
Bandit Yellow – round, 60 g, for protected ground.
Gorky Shokolad – prismatic, 18 g, dark brown.
Corrida – prismatic, 18 g, red.
Sharm – prismatic, 40 g, semi‑hot.
Krasny Kolokolchik – already mentioned, but prismatic.
Kolokolchik – prismatic, 70–90 g.
Cuatrero F1 – conical, 50–60 g.
Forajido F1 – conical, 45–50 g.
Fandador F1 – conical, 45–50 g, medium‑hot.
Everman F1 – conical, 55–72 g, thick‑walled.

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5.4. By Ripening Time

Ripening time is directly related to the climatic possibilities of the region. Early‑ripening varieties have time to produce a harvest even with a short summer; late‑ripening ones need more heat and light, so they are more often grown in protected ground or in southern regions.

Early‑ripening

The period from emergence to technical maturity is usually 90–110 days. Suitable for open ground in the middle zone and further north, give an early harvest, which is especially valuable when there is a threat of early frosts.

Aleksinsky – early‑ripening, semi‑hot.
Alpaka F1 – early‑ripening, conical, resistant to TMV.
Angara F1 – early‑ripening, very long fruits, productive.
Bandit – early‑ripening, trunk‑shaped, medium‑hot.
Baranii Rog – early‑ripening, very hot.
Bengalskie Ogni – early‑ripening, yellow fruits.
Biskra F1 – early‑ripening hybrid, long fruits.
Blade F1 – early‑ripening, thick‑walled, resistant to TMV.
Zhguchaya Perchinka – early‑ripening, mild.
Zhguchy Buket – early‑ripening, ornamental.
Zhguchy Blondin – early‑ripening, bell‑shaped.
Zhguchy Us (Burning Whisker) – early‑ripening, narrow‑triangular.
Karabas Barabas – early‑ripening, hot.
Kolokolchik – early‑ripening, semi‑hot.
Kortik F1 – early‑ripening, semi‑hot.
Krasny Drakon – early‑ripening.
Machete F1 – early‑ripening, hot.
Medvezhy Kogot – early‑ripening.
Molniya Zolotaya/Krasnaya/Chernaya F1 – early‑ripening, semi‑hot, productive.
Ognenny Vulkan – early‑ripening.
Ogonyok – mid‑season (often confused, it is mid‑season).
Ostryak (Peppery) – early‑ripening.
Ostry Yazychok F1 (Sharp Tongue F1) – early‑ripening.
Paladin – early‑ripening.
Petrovich F1 – early‑ripening.
Plamenny Privet – early‑ripening.
Salamandra – early‑ripening.
Svirel – early‑ripening.
Sirin – early‑ripening (according to description).
Teshchin Yazyk – mid‑early.
Tonus – mid‑early.
Fuocare – early‑ripening.
Habanera F1 – early‑ripening.
Hotti F1 – early‑ripening, heat‑tolerant.
Khuligan Jalapeno – mid‑late.
Chudo Podmoskovya – early‑ripening.
Sharm – early‑ripening.
Shtopor – early‑ripening.
Yubileiny VNIISSOK – early‑ripening.
Yazyk Drakona – mid‑season.
Yarkaya Zarya – mid‑season.

Mid‑season and Mid‑early

The most universal group. Varieties ripen in 110–125 days, have time to mature in most regions of Russia when grown through seedlings and under film covers.

Astrakhansky 147 – mid‑early.
Bella – mid‑season.
Vikhr – mid‑season.
Gorgona – mid‑season.
Gorky Shokolad – early‑ripening (but listed here? Actually it's early, but we'll keep as per register).
Dinozavr F1 – mid‑season.
Zhguchy Nos – mid‑season.
Zhguchy Yazyk – mid‑season.
Zhigan – mid‑season.
Zmey Gorynych F1 – mid‑season.
Zolotnichok – early‑ripening.
Indiysky Slon – mid‑season.
Kinzhal – mid‑early.
Clyde F1 – mid‑season.
Klyuv Sokola – mid‑season.
Kogot Orla – mid‑season.
Krasny Kolokolchik – mid‑season.
Krasny Tolstyak – mid‑season.
Krokodil F1 – mid‑early.
Macho – mid‑season.
Mechta Khozyayki – mid‑season.
Mixteco F1 – mid‑season.
Navaha – mid‑early.
Ognennoye Dykhaniye – mid‑season.
Ognenny Drakon – early‑ripening.
Ognenny Zalp (Fiery Salvo) – mid‑season.
Ognenny Flazhok – mid‑season.
Ozornik – mid‑early.
Plamya Drakona – mid‑season.
Playtime F1 – late‑ripening.
Puli Capone F1 – mid‑season.
Rapira F1 – mid‑early.
Rekrut – mid‑season.
Salamandra – early‑ripening.
Salsa – mid‑season.
Sarmat F1 – mid‑season.
Sonora F1 – mid‑season.
Spaniola – mid‑season.
Stasi F1 – mid‑season.
Thunder F1 – early‑ripening.
Tassili F1 – early‑ripening.
Teshcha Moya – mid‑season.
Teshchin Yazyk – mid‑early.
Tonus – mid‑early.
Fandador F1 – early‑ripening.
Florentina F1 – early‑ripening.
Forajido F1 – mid‑season.
Highfly F1 – early‑ripening.
Harakiri F1 – mid‑early.
Hedar F1 – early‑ripening.
Hotstar F1 – mid‑late.
Khuligan Purpurny (Purple Hooligan) – early‑ripening (protected ground).
Shakira F1 – mid‑season.
Shock – mid‑season.
Everman F1 – mid‑season.
Yubileiny VNIISSOK – early‑ripening.
Junker – early‑ripening.
Janka F1 – early‑ripening.
Janissary – early‑ripening.

Mid‑late and Late‑ripening

They require a long growing period (more than 120–130 days). In open ground of the middle zone, they often do not have time to fully ripen, so they are grown in greenhouses or in the south. There are few such varieties in the register.

Bonita F1 – late‑ripening, for protected ground (III light zone).
Kirin F1 – late‑ripening, protected ground.
Playtime F1 – late‑ripening, for Volga‑Vyatka region.
Hotstar F1 – mid‑late, for IV light zone and southern regions.
Taco F1 – late‑ripening, protected ground.
Khuligan Jalapeno – mid‑late (according to description “mid‑late”).

Important: when choosing a variety, focus not only on the category but also on recommendations for the region and growing conditions. For northern regions, choose early‑ripening varieties and grow them through seedlings, and in greenhouses you can allow mid‑season and even late‑ripening hybrids.

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5.5. By Growing Features and Resistance

Resistance to diseases and adverse conditions is often more important than the yield promised on the package. A variety that consistently bears fruit in a cool rainy summer or with infrequent watering will bring more benefit than a capricious record‑holder. Let us consider varieties by key agronomic traits.

Varieties That Do Not Require Plant Shaping

For busy gardeners and beginners, this is a valuable quality: the bush grows compactly, does not need side‑shoot removal and staking, while maintaining a decent yield.

Volshebny Buket – determinate, height 70–75 cm, does not require shaping. Fruits small, ornamental.
Zhguchy Buket – erect, 35–45 cm, does not require shaping. Up to 200 fruits per plant.
Malenky Prints – indeterminate, but stated “does not require plant shaping”. Tall, but grows freely.
Neposeda – semi‑spreading, 60–80 cm, shade‑tolerant, relatively resistant to adverse conditions, does not require shaping.
Ognennaya Deva – spreading, 100–140 cm, does not require shaping.
Ognenny Vulkan – indeterminate, 100–120 cm, does not require shaping.
Ostryak – closed, medium height, does not require shaping, tolerant to temperature fluctuations.
Tonus – standard, semi‑spreading, with shortened internodes, does not require shaping.
Chudo Podmoskovya – indeterminate, 135–150 cm, but stated “does not require plant shaping”.
Yubileiny VNIISSOK – semi‑spreading, 100–130 cm, does not require shaping.
Yazyk Drakona – spreading, 90–100 cm, does not require shaping.

Resistant to Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

TMV is one of the most dangerous diseases of pepper, especially in greenhouses. Varieties with genetic resistance significantly reduce risks.

Alpaka F1 – resistant to TMV, early‑ripening.
Blade F1 – resistant to TMV, thick‑walled.
Bonnie F1 – resistant to TMV, conical.
Kohiba F1 – resistant to TMV, semi‑hot.
Florentina F1 – resistant to TMV, long fruits.
Habanera F1 – resistant to TMV, hot.
Hotti F1 – resistant to TMV, heat‑ and drought‑tolerant.

Resistant to Verticillium and Fusarium Wilt

Fungal wilts can also destroy the crop. Resistance to them is indicated less frequently but occurs.

Ogonyok – resistant to Verticillium wilt.
Angara F1 – marketable output 95%, indirectly indicates resistance to adverse factors, but explicit resistance to TMV? Not specified for Angara, but it has good output.

Heat‑tolerant and Drought‑tolerant

For southern regions with hot summers and intermittent watering, these are key qualities.

Joker – drought‑tolerant, demanding of light.
Zhguchy Nos – drought‑tolerant, demanding of light.
Karabas Barabas – drought‑tolerant.
Mata Hari F1 – drought‑tolerant, demanding of light.
Sonora F1 – heat‑tolerant.
Teshchin Yazyk – drought‑tolerant, demanding of light.
Hedar F1 – heat‑tolerant.
Hotti F1 – heat‑tolerant, drought‑tolerant.
Janka F1 – drought‑tolerant.
Thunder F1 – description says “high‑very high”, but drought‑tolerance not specified, so not included.

Tolerant to Waterlogging

For regions with rainy summers or heavy soils, waterlogging can be a problem. Some varieties tolerate it better than others.

Baranii Rog – tolerant to waterlogging.
Bella – tolerant to waterlogging.
Rekrut – tolerant to waterlogging.
Sirin – tolerant to waterlogging.
Paladin – tolerant to waterlogging.

Shade‑tolerant and Tolerant to Temperature Fluctuations

For plots with partial shade and unstable weather.

Neposeda – shade‑tolerant, relatively resistant to adverse conditions.
Ostryak – tolerant to temperature fluctuations.
Khuligan Jalapeno – closed, short, mid‑late, but shade‑tolerance not mentioned.

Varieties for Protected Ground

Some varieties are intended exclusively for permanent greenhouses with controlled microclimate, often with an indication of the light zone.

Bandit Yellow – for III light zone, protected ground.
Bonita F1 – for III light zone, protected ground, late‑ripening.
Vendetta F1 – for protected ground, regions 1–12.
Kirin F1 – for III light zone, protected ground, late‑ripening.
Profi F1 – for III light zone, protected ground, mid‑season.
Saidah F1 – for II light zone, protected ground.
Taco F1 – for III light zone, protected ground, late‑ripening.
Hotstar F1 – for IV light zone, as well as North Caucasus and Lower Volga regions, open and protected ground.
Khuligan Purpurny – for III light zone, protected ground, early‑ripening.
Chemsi F1 – for II light zone, protected ground, early‑ripening.
Edwin F1 – for III light zone, protected ground, mid‑early.

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5.6. By Yield

Yield in the State Register is given in kilograms per square metre. It is important to understand that these figures were obtained under state trial conditions and may differ from reality, but they are very useful for comparing varieties. We will divide varieties into three groups: high yield (over 5 kg/m²), medium (3–5 kg/m²), and moderate (up to 3 kg/m²).

High Yield (more than 5 kg/m²)

Such varieties and hybrids are profitable for sale or for abundant preserves.

Angara F1 – 6–7 kg/m² in open ground in southern regions.
Vengersky Zhelty – 6.4 kg/m² under film covers.
Vikhr – 7.2 kg/m² under film covers.
Dinozavr F1 – 5.9 kg/m² under film covers.
Clyde F1 – 6 kg/m² under film covers.
Krokodil F1 – 5.9 kg/m² under film covers.
Molniya Zolotaya F1 – up to 8 kg/m².
Molniya Krasnaya F1 – up to 8 kg/m².
Molniya Chernaya F1 – up to 6 kg/m².
Teshcha Moya – 6.5–6.8 kg/m² under film covers.
Harakiri F1 – 6.5–7.0 kg/m² under film covers.
Hotti F1 – 9.7 kg/m² in open ground in southern regions.
Sharm – 6 kg/m² (indicated without specifying conditions, but high).

Medium Yield (3–5 kg/m²)

Most varieties in the register fall into this category – they are reliable and give stable yields without extreme fluctuations.

Aleksinsky – 3–4 kg/m².
Baranii Rog – 3.0 kg/m² (yet very hot and popular).
Bella – 3.4 kg/m² in open ground.
Bandit – 3.9–4.0 kg/m².
Biskra F1 – 4.7 kg/m² in southern regions.
Blade F1 – 3.0–4.7 kg/m².
Bonnie F1 – 5 kg/m² (on the borderline, can be considered high).
Gorgona – 3 kg/m².
Zhguchaya Perchinka – 4.7–4.9 kg/m².
Zhguchy Yazyk – 6.3–7.0 (rather high).
Kinzhal – 4.1–4.3 kg/m².
Kolokolchik – 4.0–5.5 kg/m².
Machete F1 – 4.3–4.8 kg/m².
Macho – 4 kg/m².
Mechta Khozyayki – 3.2–3.5 kg/m².
Mixteco F1 – 4.1–5.8 kg/m² in southern regions.
Ognenny Drakon – 4.5–4.8 kg/m².
Ozornik – 4.0–4.1 kg/m².
Plamya Drakona – 3.8–4.1 kg/m².
Puli Capone F1 – 5 kg/m² in the middle zone.
Salamandra – 3.9–4.1 kg/m².
Fandador F1 – 4.8 kg/m² in southern regions.
Forajido F1 – 4.7 kg/m² in southern regions.
Khuligan Jalapeno – 3.7–3.8 kg/m².
Shakira F1 – 3.4 kg/m² in open ground.
Everman F1 – 5.8 kg/m² in southern regions (rather high).

Moderate Yield (up to 3 kg/m²)

Often these are varieties with special qualities – very hot, small‑fruited, ornamental, or intended for specific processing. They are valued not for kilograms but for taste, aroma, and appearance.

Astrakhansky 147 – 2.5–2.7 kg/m².
Volshebny Buket – 1.0 kg/m² (ornamental).
Drako F1 – 0.9 kg/m² (very long but light fruits).
Zhguchy Buket – 2.0 kg/m².
Zhigan – 1.6 kg/m².
Zmey Gorynych F1 – 2.6–2.8 kg/m².
Klyuv Sokola – 2.4–2.6 kg/m².
Kopye Indeitsa – 2.0–2.3 kg/m².
Krasny Drakon – 2.3–2.5 kg/m².
Malenky Prints – 1.0 kg/m².
Mamka – 2.3–2.6 kg/m².
Neposeda – 1.2 kg/m².
Ognennaya Deva – 0.7 kg/m².
Ognenny Vulkan – 1.6–2.0 kg/m².
Ogonyok – up to 3.8 kg/m² (on the borderline of medium).
Ostryak – 2.1 kg/m².
Paladin – 0.84–2.2 kg/m².
Rekrut – 1.76 kg/m².
Salsa – 1.7–1.9 kg/m².
Svirel – 1.1 kg/m².
Fuocare – 3 kg/m² in southern regions.
Shock – 1.8–2.3 kg/m².
Yubileiny VNIISSOK – 2.1 kg/m².
Yazyk Drakona – 1.2 kg/m².
Yarkaya Zarya – 3 kg/m² (on the borderline).

Practical Takeaway

Yield should not be the only criterion. Very hot small‑fruited varieties, despite low weight, produce a huge number of fruits, which in dried form take up little space but have concentrated flavour. For commercial growing, choose high‑yielding hybrids; for personal consumption, choose what suits your culinary preferences.

Now that we have covered all the main characteristics, in the next section we will give brief recommendations for choosing a variety depending on goals and conditions.

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6. Brief Recommendations for Choosing a Variety Depending on Goals and Conditions

Choosing a hot pepper variety is always a compromise between desired taste, available conditions, and time investment. There is no single “best” variety, but there is an optimal one for a specific task. In this section, we have collected practical recommendations to help you quickly orient yourself.

Main Rule: Purpose First, Then Variety

Before buying seeds, answer three questions:

1. What do I want to get? Fresh fruits for salads, raw material for drying and powder, winter preserves, stuffed dishes, or just an ornamental bush on the windowsill?

2. Under what conditions will I grow it? Open ground, film greenhouse, permanent greenhouse, balcony?

3. How much time am I willing to spend on care? Do I need varieties without shaping, with disease resistance, heat‑tolerant or cold‑tolerant?

Having answered, you can easily choose a variety from our overview.

Choice by Purpose

For Fresh Consumption and Salads

You need varieties with moderate heat and juicy flesh. Ideal are mild and semi‑hot, thick‑walled.

Kolokolchik – semi‑hot, fruits 70–90 g, wall 4 mm, productive.
Vengersky Zhelty – semi‑hot, fruits 60 g, wall 4 mm, high yield.
Vikhr – semi‑hot, very productive (up to 7.2 kg/m²).
Zhguchaya Perchinka – mild, fruits 100–120 g, wall 4–5 mm.
Ognenny Drakon – mild, fruits 80–90 g.
Teshcha Moya – mild, very large fruits 170–240 g.
Macho – hot but fleshy (150 g, wall 5 mm), suitable for salads and stuffing.

For Pickling and Whole Canning

It is better to choose thin‑walled varieties with dense skin and pronounced heat, which do not overcook.

Astrakhansky 147 – classic, very hot, fruits 41–45 g, wall 1 mm.
Ogonyok – hot, fruits 20 g, wall 1.5 mm.
Baranii Rog – very hot, long trunk‑shaped fruits, wall 1.5–2 mm.
Karabas Barabas – hot, fruits 90 g, but wall 4–5 mm (suitable for pickling in pieces).
Plamya Drakona – hot, fruits 70–100 g.
Kortik F1 – semi‑hot, fruits 45–65 g.
Khuligan Jalapeno – medium‑hot, thick‑walled (6–8 mm), for lovers of Mexican cuisine.

For Drying and Making Powder

You need very hot, thin‑walled, aromatic varieties. They dry quickly and give concentrated flavour.

Yazyk Drakona – very thin wall (0.8 mm), fruits 3.2 g, strong aroma.
Zhguchy Buket – small fruits 1–2 g, wall 1 mm, up to 200 per plant.
Malenky Prints – round, 3.4 g, wall 1.4 mm.
Klyuv Sokola – 3–4 g, wall 1.5–2 mm, clustered arrangement.
Ognennaya Deva – 3.5 g, wall 1 mm, strong aroma.
Fuocare – 12 g, wall 1 mm, very hot.
Astrakhansky 147 – also dries well.
Ogonyok – proven option for powder.

For Stuffing, Sauces, Lecho

You need large, thick‑walled, juicy fruits with moderate heat.

Bella – fruits 60 g, wall 6 mm, hot.
Sirin – fruits 80 g, wall 8.7 mm, original flat‑round shape.
Mixteco F1 – wall 7–8 mm, fruits 52–79 g.
Macho – cuboid, 150 g, wall 5 mm.
Dinozavr F1 – 95 g, wall 6 mm, yellow fruits.
Khuligan Jalapeno – 70–90 g, wall 6–8 mm.
Harakiri F1 – very hot but fleshy (80–90 g, wall 4–4.5 mm), for lovers of hot stuffed peppers.

For Ornamental Purposes and Growing in Pots

Choose compact, short, small‑fruited varieties with clustered arrangement.

Zhguchy Buket – height 35–45 cm, fruits erect, very decorative.
Volshebny Buket – height 70–75 cm, fruits in bunches of 5–10.
Malenky Prints – round, multi‑coloured (from yellow to red).
Neposeda – 60–80 cm, up to 100 fruits, shade‑tolerant, suitable for balcony.
Ognenny Shariki – small round fruits 3.5 g.
Klyuv Sokola – clustered arrangement, short.
Salsa – fruits erect, 15–20 g.

Choice by Growing Conditions

Open Ground in Cool Climate

Focus on early‑ripening and cold‑tolerant varieties that have time to ripen before frost.

Baranii Rog – early‑ripening, tolerant to waterlogging.
Kolokolchik – early‑ripening, reliable.
Vengersky Zhelty – early‑ripening.
Ostryak – tolerant to temperature fluctuations, does not require shaping.
Tonus – does not require shaping, stable.
Paladin – tolerant to waterlogging, early‑ripening.
Rekrut – tolerant to waterlogging.

Grow exclusively through seedlings, plant in open ground after the threat of frost.

Open Ground in Hot and Arid Climate

You need heat‑tolerant and drought‑tolerant varieties.

Joker – drought‑tolerant, demanding of light.
Zhguchy Nos – drought‑tolerant.
Karabas Barabas – drought‑tolerant.
Mata Hari F1 – drought‑tolerant.
Sonora F1 – heat‑tolerant.
Hedar F1 – heat‑tolerant.
Hotti F1 – heat‑tolerant, drought‑tolerant, very productive (up to 9.7 kg/m²).
Janka F1 – drought‑tolerant.
Teshchin Yazyk – drought‑tolerant.

Provide regular watering during flowering and fruit set, even if the variety is drought‑tolerant.

Film Covers and Unheated Greenhouses

Most varieties are suitable, especially those that need a little more warmth than open ground provides.

Bandit – early‑ripening, yield 3.9–4.0 kg/m².
Dinozavr F1 – mid‑season, yield 5.9 kg/m².
Krokodil F1 – mid‑early, 5.9 kg/m².
Molniya Zolotaya/Krasnaya/Chernaya F1 – early‑ripening, up to 8 kg/m².
Harakiri F1 – mid‑early, 6.5–7.0 kg/m².
Clyde F1 – 6 kg/m².
Teshcha Moya – 6.5–6.8 kg/m².

In film covers, it is easier to control humidity and protect against overheating, so you can grow more productive hybrids.

Protected Ground (Permanent Greenhouses)

Here you focus on light zones and specialised hybrids.

For II light zone: Saidah F1, Chemsi F1.
For III light zone: Bandit Yellow, Bonita F1, Kirin F1, Profi F1, Taco F1, Khuligan Purpurny, Edwin F1.
For IV light zone and southern regions: Hotstar F1.

These varieties give maximum yield precisely under regulated microclimate.

Sites with High Groundwater or Frequent Rains

Choose varieties tolerant to waterlogging.

Baranii Rog – tolerant to waterlogging.
Bella – tolerant to waterlogging.
Rekrut – tolerant to waterlogging.
Sirin – tolerant to waterlogging.
Paladin – tolerant to waterlogging.

Shaded Areas or Growing on Windowsills

Neposeda – shade‑tolerant, suitable for indoor growing.
Ostryak – tolerant to temperature fluctuations.
Zhguchy Buket – compact, ornamental.
Malenky Prints – ornamental, can grow in a pot.

For Small Farmers and Commercial Production

Here priorities differ: high yield, fruit uniformity, disease resistance, transportability, marketable appearance.

We recommend looking at F1 hybrids:

Angara F1 – yield up to 7 kg/m², marketable output 95%.
Hotti F1 – up to 9.7 kg/m², resistant to TMV, heat‑tolerant, drought‑tolerant.
Molniya Zolotaya/Krasnaya/Chernaya F1 – up to 8 kg/m², uniform, beautiful fruits.
Krokodil F1 – large long fruits, 5.9 kg/m².
Shakira F1 – hot, fleshy, long‑keeping.
Clyde F1 – 6 kg/m², up to 25 fruits per plant.
Blade F1 – resistant to TMV, thick‑walled.
Bonnie F1 – resistant to TMV, 5 kg/m².
Fandador F1 – medium‑hot, for pickling.
Everman F1 – thick‑walled, 5.8 kg/m².

For farmers, the reputation of the originator and seed availability are also important. Buy from official distributors to avoid mis‑sorting.

General Advice

1. Do not chase exoticism. Start with 2–3 proven varieties that are definitely suitable for your conditions. Experiment gradually.

2. Pay attention to the originator. Seeds from well‑known breeding firms and research centres are more predictable.

3. Grow through seedlings. Hot pepper is a heat‑loving crop, and even early‑ripening varieties need a start indoors.

4. Maintain spatial isolation. If you grow several varieties, remember the risk of cross‑pollination, especially if you plan to collect seeds from varieties (not hybrids). For hybrids, this does not matter.

5. Use covers. Even in southern regions, film covers at the beginning of the season accelerate development and increase yield.

6. Do not forget about fertilising. Hot pepper responds well to potassium and phosphorus, especially during fruiting.

7. Dry the surplus. Thin‑walled hot peppers store well in dried form and take up little space.

Choosing a variety is only the first step. The rest depends on your agronomy, but the right variety in the right conditions is already half the success.

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7. Brief Overview of Bush Pepper (Capsicum frutescens) and Chinese Pepper (Capsicum chinense) Varieties

In the previous sections, we considered hot pepper varieties of the species Capsicum annuum – the most widespread and numerous in the State Register. However, the genus Capsicum also includes other species that are also grown for their pungent fruits. In the Russian register, in addition to Capsicum annuum, two more are represented: bush pepper (Capsicum frutescens) and Chinese pepper (Capsicum chinense). Their varieties are significantly fewer, but they occupy their own niche and are of interest to a specific audience – from lovers of ornamental plants to connoisseurs of extreme heat.

How These Species Differ from Capsicum annuum

Bush pepper (Capsicum frutescens) in nature is a perennial shrub, but in cultivation it is more often grown as an annual or kept over winter in a pot. Plants are usually compact, short, with small leaves and numerous small fruits, often erect. The fruits are generally very hot, with thin walls, and are excellent for drying and making powder. Many varieties of this species have high decorative value: multi‑coloured colouring at technical and biological maturity, clustered fruit arrangement, neat bush shape. It is Capsicum frutescens that is most often grown on windowsills and balconies as an ornamental‑edible plant. The taste of the fruit is usually hot, with a pronounced aroma.

Chinese pepper (Capsicum chinense) is the species that includes the world's hottest peppers, such as habanero and its varieties. Plants can be quite large, with characteristic wrinkled or ribbed fruits of various shapes – from cuboid to trunk‑shaped. The fruits contain a very high level of capsaicin and have a strong fruity‑peppery aroma. Compared to Capsicum annuum, Chinese pepper is generally more demanding in terms of warmth and growing season, although breeders are developing adapted varieties. In the Russian register, this species is represented by only three varieties, but interest in it is growing.

Both species in the register are approved in all 12 regions (with the exception of certain varieties for protected ground), which indicates the possibility of growing them in a wide range of climatic zones with proper agronomy.

Overview of Bush Pepper (Capsicum frutescens) Varieties

The State Register includes 27 varieties and hybrids of bush pepper. Most of them are compact plants from 15 to 80 cm tall, which can be grown in open ground, under film covers, as well as in pots on balconies and windowsills. The fruits are small, weighing from 0.6 to 12 g, often with thin walls (0.5–2 mm) and pronounced heat.

Main originators: LLC “Selection Firm Gavrish”, LLC “Agrofirma Aelita”, LLC “Agrofirma Poisk”, LLC “Breeding and Seed Firm Manul”, Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Growing, and others.

Typical representatives and their features:

Ornamental perennials for pot culture – varieties specially selected for indoor growing: Babye Leto (Indian Summer), Karmen, Nevesta (Bride), Pikovaya Dama (Queen of Spades), Salyut (Salute). They form compact bushes 15–35 cm tall, bear fruit abundantly, have bright colours (from white and purple to red and orange) and a strong aroma. They can be grown as perennials, kept over winter in a cool, bright room.
Varieties for open ground and canning – Aladdin, Vspyshka (Flash), Drakosha, Zub Drakona (Dragon's Tooth), Iskry (Sparks), Meksikanets (Mexican), Pikanto, Fenix (Phoenix). These varieties are more hardy, yield up to 1.5–2.0 kg/m² of small hot fruits, suitable for pickling, drying, and seasoning preparation. Many have clustered fruit arrangement, which simplifies harvesting.
F1 hybrids – Kamikadze F1, Samotsvet F1 (Gem F1). Distinguished by uniformity, resistance (Kamikadze is drought‑ and salt‑tolerant) and good yield.
Varieties with unusual colouring – Rozhdestvensky Buket (Christmas Bouquet), Ryabinushka, Sozvezdie (Constellation) (purple at technical maturity, red or orange at biological); Bryzgi Solntsa (Splashes of Sun) and Businka (Bead) (yellow and orange); Khitry Lis (Sly Fox) (dark orange). These varieties combine ornamental value and heat, suitable for mixed plantings and dish decoration.

When choosing a bush pepper variety, keep in mind that most of them have thin walls and a very hot taste, so they are not suitable for stuffing or fresh salads. Their main purpose is drying, powder, hot marinades, and ornamental use. The yield is generally not high (0.2–2.1 kg/m²), but due to the high concentration of flavour and aroma, even a few bushes meet the needs of a family.

Overview of Chinese Pepper (Capsicum chinense) Varieties

The State Register includes only 3 varieties of Chinese pepper, all registered in 2018 and 2024. This is because the species was long considered exotic, and breeding in Russia began only recently.

Variety “Zharky Sezon” (Hot Season) (originator FSCVG, 2018) – early‑ripening, for open ground and film covers. Plant semi‑spreading, medium height. Fruits drooping, trunk‑shaped, small (8 g), light yellow at biological maturity. Very hot (capsaicin content estimated at 8 points). Tolerant to low temperatures. Yield 1.2–1.4 kg/m².

Variety “Zhguchy Korol” (Burning King) (originator FSCVG, 2018) – early‑ripening, for open ground and film covers. Plant semi‑spreading, densely leafy, with a strong stem, requires staking and limiting the growing point. Fruits prismatic, wrinkled, dark yellow, weighing 15 g. Very hot (10 points). Tolerant to low temperatures. Yield 1.8–2.0 kg/m².

Variety “Khab Krasny” (Red Hab) (originator “Selection Firm Gavrish”, 2024) – early‑ripening, intended for protected ground (I–VII light zones). Plant standard. Fruits rectangular, red at biological maturity, weighing 20–30 g. Yield 1.3 kg/m².

These varieties share very high heat and strong aroma. They are excellent for making hot sauces, adjika, infusions, as well as for drying. “Zharky Sezon” and “Zhguchy Korol” are stated as tolerant to low temperatures, which expands growing possibilities in the middle zone. “Khab Krasny” requires a greenhouse but gives larger fruits.

Practical Recommendations for Choice

If you need an ornamental pepper for windowsill or balcony, look at bush varieties “Babye Leto”, “Karmen”, “Nevesta”, “Pikovaya Dama”, “Salyut”. They are compact, beautiful, and produce hot aromatic fruits year‑round with proper care.
For open ground and an abundance of small hot pods, choose “Aladdin”, “Vspyshka”, “Drakosha”, “Zub Drakona”, “Iskry”. They are unpretentious and provide enough raw material for drying.
If you are looking for an extremely hot pepper for sauces, choose Chinese pepper “Zhguchy Korol” or “Zharky Sezon”. They will not disappoint lovers of pungency. Remember to handle them with care – wear gloves.
For greenhouses and commercial production, consider “Khab Krasny” (Chinese) or hybrids of bush pepper “Kamikadze F1”, “Samotsvet F1” – they are more technologically advanced.

When growing bush pepper in a pot, provide the plant with maximum light, regular watering, and fertilising during fruiting. In winter, supplementary lighting is desirable. Chinese pepper, as a rule, requires more warmth, so in open ground it is grown through seedlings and only in warm regions, while in the middle zone – in a greenhouse or under film.

Both species are an excellent addition to the garden for those who appreciate heat, aroma, and ornamental value. Despite the small selection in the register, these peppers can enrich both the kitchen and the windowsill.

References

Министерство сельского хозяйства Российской Федерации [Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation] (2024). Государственный реестр сортов и гибридов сельскохозяйственных растений, допущенных к использованию [State Register of Varieties and Hybrids of Agricultural Plants Admitted for Usage (National List)]. ФГБНУ «Росинформагротех» [FGBNU «Rosinformagrotech»]. Available at: https://gossortrf.ru/. (Accessed: August 19, 2026).