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Overview of Russian sweet pepper varieties

Last updated: August 18, 2026EspañolРусский

1. General Statistics from the State Register of Breeding Achievements of Russia (2024)

Every year, dozens of new varieties and hybrids of sweet pepper appear on the market, making it increasingly difficult for amateur gardeners and farmers to navigate this diversity. The main guide in this "sea" of breeding achievements is the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use (hereinafter referred to as the State Register). This is an official document containing all the necessary information about plant varieties that have passed state trials and are recommended for cultivation in the Russian Federation.

In 2024, the State Register includes 1,003 sweet pepper varieties and hybrids (Capsicum annuum) (based on the 2024 register). This data set allows us to draw an important conclusion: almost half of the entire assortment, namely 458 entries (46%), are first‑generation hybrids, marked with the F1 symbol. This indicates that breeders are actively using hybridisation to obtain plants with improved characteristics.

However, despite the abundance of new entries, the list also includes true "veterans" – varieties bred back in the Soviet era. Their continued presence in the register to this day speaks to the high reliability and stability of these varieties, which have been tested for decades and continue to enjoy well‑deserved popularity among gardeners. Among the oldest varieties still available for purchase and cultivation are:

  • PODAROK MOLDOVY (1973) – one of the most recognisable and popular varieties.
  • LASTOCHKA (1974) – another classic variety valued for its uniform ripening and stable yield.
  • VIKTORIYA (1979) – a variety that has proven itself well in various climatic conditions.
  • RUBINOVYY (1980) – known for its large, fleshy fruits.
  • VINNI PUKH (1981) – an early‑ripening variety with a compact bush, ideal for protected ground.
  • KOLOBOK (1983) – distinguished by its even, rounded fruits.
  • ZDOROVYE (1986) – one of the most famous greenhouse varieties.
  • NEZHNOST (1986) – another popular greenhouse variety with good flavour.
  • TOPOLIN (1989) – a variety often recommended for canning and table use.

These varieties became the progenitors of many modern hybrids. Their genetic base is used by breeders to create new, more resistant and productive forms, confirming the enduring value of classical breeding.

2. Overview of the Largest Originators, Including Foreign Originators

Every variety or hybrid entered in the State Register has its "author" – the originator. This is the organisation or individual that created the variety and is responsible for its genetic stability and description. For gardeners and farmers, knowing the originator is an important guide that allows one to judge the reliability of the variety, its origin, and its compliance with the stated characteristics. In the world of pepper breeding, a pool of companies has emerged that are undisputed leaders in the volume and quality of the material offered on the market.

2.1. Leaders of Russian Breeding

The Russian sweet pepper seed market is largely controlled by several large breeding and seed‑growing companies. These organisations have accumulated genetic material over the years, adapted it to local conditions, and developed varieties that have become "folk classics". Below are the largest originators by the number of varieties and hybrids in the State Register (as of 2024):

OriginatorNumber of varieties/hybrids in the State Register
LLC 'SELECTION FIRM GAVRISH'112
LLC 'AGROFIRMA 'SEDEK''82
FSBSI 'FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC CENTRE FOR VEGETABLE GROWING'81
LLC 'NPP SEDEK‑DOMODEDOVO'77
LLC 'AGROFIRMA POISK'76
LLC 'EURO‑SEMENA'52
LLC BREEDING AND SEED‑GROWING FIRM 'MANUL'47
LLC 'AGROFIRMA AELITA'42

Let us take a closer look at these key players.

LLC 'SELECTION FIRM GAVRISH' (Moscow)

It is the undisputed leader in terms of the number of registered varieties. The company is known for its comprehensive approach to breeding, creating hybrids for a wide range of conditions – from open ground to complex greenhouse complexes. The Gavrish assortment includes recognised hits, such as giant and fleshy hybrids, as well as specialised forms, for example, for whole‑fruit canning.

LLC 'AGROFIRMA 'SEDEK' (Moscow) and LLC 'NPP SEDEK‑DOMODEDOVO'

These two companies, which are part of the same breeding holding, occupy second and fourth places respectively. Their combined contribution to the register exceeds 150 varieties. Sedek is renowned for its varieties and hybrids with high adaptability. In addition to traditional forms, the company is actively working on creating hybrids with original fruit colours, such as the ZVEZDA VOSTOKA F1 series, which includes yellow, red, orange, purple, and even chocolate peppers (Zvezda Vostoka Shokoladnaya F1, 2006).

FSBSI 'FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC CENTRE FOR VEGETABLE GROWING' (Moscow Region)

This is the leading state scientific institution engaged in fundamental and applied breeding. The Federal Scientific Centre for Vegetable Growing is responsible for many classic and well‑proven varieties. It created the benchmark varieties for protected ground, such as ZDOROVYE and NEZHNOST, which remain in demand today due to their reliability. The state status of the institute guarantees a thorough scientific approach to the creation of new lines.

LLC 'AGROFIRMA POISK' (Moscow Region)

Another giant of domestic breeding with an extensive geography of trials. Poisk focuses on creating productive and viable varieties resistant to stress factors. Their assortment includes many heat‑ and drought‑resistant forms adapted to the conditions of the southern regions, for example, ZDOROVYAK or IZUMRUD F1.

LLC 'EURO‑SEMENA' (Moscow)

The company offers both its own developments and foreign‑bred varieties adapted to local conditions on the Russian market. Its assortment includes interesting and non‑standard varieties.

LLC BREEDING AND SEED‑GROWING FIRM 'MANUL' (Moscow Region)

Manul is a company with a rich history, having created many "cult" varieties. It was here that AKKORD, BAGRATION, and many other varieties with excellent flavour and suitability for processing were bred. Manul is famous for its varieties that can be grown without pruning, which greatly simplifies care for amateur gardeners.

LLC 'AGROFIRMA AELITA' (Moscow)

Aelita is another well‑known brand on the seed market. The company actively creates and promotes varieties and hybrids with large, fleshy fruits and excellent taste.

2.2. Foreign Originators on the Russian Market

The Russian sweet pepper seed market is open to international cooperation, so the State Register contains many varieties and hybrids of foreign breeding. Foreign companies, as a rule, have a longer history in vegetable growing and possess unique genetic material. They bring to the Russian market hybrids with high yield potential, advanced technological qualities, and resistance to a range of diseases.

The most active foreign originators in the State Register are:

  • ENZA ZADEN BEHEER B.V. (Netherlands). The Dutch company is one of the world leaders. In Russia, its hybrids VEDRANA F1, MARANELLO F1, and others are popular. They are distinguished by high fruit uniformity and stability.
  • RIJK ZWAAN ZAADTEELT EN ZAADHANDEL B.V. (Netherlands). Another giant from the Netherlands, specialising in innovative hybrids. The best‑known hybrids are PALERMO F1, BOOGIE F1, and ILANGA F1.
  • SYNGENTA SEEDS B.V. (Netherlands). The company is known for its technologically advanced hybrids for professional and amateur vegetable growing. Examples: BARBI F1, LYUBOV F1.
  • SAKATA VEGETABLES EUROPE S.A.S. (France, also has offices in Japan). A Japanese‑French company, among the world's top five. It is represented by hybrids for southern regions, e.g., BEST F1, OMBRONE F1.
  • MONSANTO HOLLAND B. V. / MONSANTO VEGETABLE IP MANAGEMENT B.V. (Netherlands). A world leader in biotechnology, actively working in the vegetable hybrid segment. Example: ARIADNE F1.
  • NUNHEMS B.V. (Netherlands). The company specialises in hybrids for open ground and greenhouses. Notable hybrids: CLAUDIO F1, POMPEO F1.
  • VILMORIN‑MIKADO S. A.S. (France). One of the oldest seed companies in the world. In Russia, it is represented by hybrids such as VIVALDI F1 and BALIKO F1.
  • HAZERA SEEDS B.V. (Netherlands) / HAZERA SEEDS LTD (Israel). Known for its developments for difficult climatic conditions. Example: ABIGAL F1 and MAKKABI F1.
  • HM. CLAUSE (France) – a major European breeder widely represented in southern Russia. Example: MADONNA F1.
  • BEJO ZADEN B.V. (Netherlands) – another Dutch giant supplying reliable hybrids such as STANLEY F1 and TURBIN F1.

Important note for practitioners: Foreign‑bred varieties and hybrids are often created for specific climatic zones or growing technologies (e.g., for controlled‑environment agriculture or low‑volume hydroponics). When purchasing a foreign hybrid, always pay attention to the recommended regions in the State Register (regions (1) – (12)) to avoid disappointment. It is also worth noting that seeds of F1 hybrids, especially foreign ones, are generally more expensive, but their yield potential, uniformity, and fruit marketability are often higher, which justifies the investment for obtaining a stable and high‑quality harvest.

3. Characteristics Used in the State Register to Describe Sweet Pepper Varieties

To help you consciously choose a variety for your plot, it is important to understand the language used by breeders and the compilers of the State Register. Each line in the official description is not just a set of words, but a clear characteristic that determines how the plant will behave in your conditions and what harvest you will obtain. Let us examine the key terms in order.

3.1. Category: Variety or Hybrid (F1)

This is the first thing to pay attention to. In the register, all entries are divided into two large groups:

  • Variety – a stable population of plants created through long‑term selection. Varieties retain their properties from generation to generation, and you can collect seeds from your own harvest for subsequent sowing – the plants will resemble the parent ones.
  • First‑generation hybrid (F1) – the result of crossing two specially selected parental lines. Hybrids are generally more productive, more uniform in fruit size and shape, often have increased resistance to diseases and adverse conditions. However, seeds collected from hybrids do not preserve parental traits – in the next generation, segregation will occur, and you will get very diverse plants. Therefore, hybrid seeds need to be purchased anew each season.

3.2. Ripening Time (Maturity Group)

This characteristic indicates approximately how many days pass from mass germination to the beginning of technical ripeness of the fruits (i.e., the moment when the fruits can already be harvested for consumption, although they have not yet reached full colouration). The register uses the following gradations:

  • Very early – fruits are ready for harvest in less than 100 days after emergence. Such varieties are ideal for regions with short summers or for obtaining an extra‑early harvest.
  • Early (early‑ripening) – the period to technical ripeness is usually 100–110 days. This is the most popular class for most regions.
  • Mid‑early – something between early and mid‑season, ripening occurs on days 110–120.
  • Mid‑season (medium‑ripening) – technical ripeness occurs in 120–130 days.
  • Mid‑late – 130–140 days.
  • Late (late‑ripening) – more than 140 days. Such varieties are usually grown only in southern regions or in heated greenhouses.

It is important to understand that ripening times may shift depending on weather and agricultural practices, but this classification provides a reliable guideline when choosing.

3.3. Growing Conditions

The State Register indicates for which types of cultivation a given variety is recommended. This is directly related to where you will get the maximum return:

  • Open ground – plants are intended for planting directly into beds without cover. They are generally more tolerant of temperature fluctuations and wind.
  • Protected ground – for cultivation in greenhouses (glass, polycarbonate, film). These are often tall, indeterminate forms that require support and pruning.
  • Under film covers – can be grown both in greenhouses and under temporary covers (arches with film or agrotextile). This is a compromise option for regions with unstable climates.
  • Garden‑plot – a universal indication for cultivation in household plots, private subsidiary farms. Such varieties are usually unpretentious and suitable for amateur gardening.
  • Commercial production – varieties and hybrids created for farmers who grow peppers for sale. They are distinguished by uniform fruits, keeping quality, transportability, and simultaneous ripening.

3.4. Fruit Shape

Shape is one of the main visual characteristics by which we distinguish varieties. The register records standard descriptions:

  • Conical – a classic shape resembling a cone (tapering towards the apex). Very common.
  • Elongated‑conical – an extended, long cone.
  • Narrow‑conical – a cone with a narrow base and a sharp tip.
  • Prism‑shaped – a fruit with distinct edges, resembling a prism (in cross‑section, most often 3–4 edges).
  • Cuboid – almost square shape, similar to a cube. Such peppers are excellent for stuffing.
  • Cylindrical – an even, elongated fruit with parallel walls.
  • Flat‑round – a flattened fruit, as if compressed from top and bottom.
  • Round – close to a sphere.
  • Heart‑shaped – resembles a heart, tapering towards the apex.
  • Trunk‑shaped – long, curved shape, resembling a trunk.

Shape affects ease of use: cuboid and prism‑shaped peppers are often used for stuffing, conical ones for salads and canning, and small elongated forms for whole‑fruit pickling.

3.5. Regions of Approval

The State Register divides the territory of Russia into 12 regions, for each of which a cultivation recommendation is given. For example:

1. Northern

2. North‑Western

3. Central

4. Volga‑Vyatka

5. Central Black Earth (CBE)

6. North Caucasus

7. Middle Volga

8. Lower Volga

9. Ural

10. West Siberian

11. East Siberian

12. Far Eastern

If a variety is recommended for all regions, this is indicated as "for the Russian Federation" or by listing all numbers. For you, this means that the variety has been tested in your particular climatic zone and theoretically should perform well there.

3.6. Main Biological and Economic Characteristics

In addition to the above, the description of each variety includes parameters that directly affect the yield and quality of the fruits:

  • Fruit weight (in grams). The average value is given, sometimes with a range. The larger the fruit, the more fleshy it is generally, but the plant also requires more nutrition and water.
  • Wall thickness (in millimetres). This is the thickness of the flesh. Varieties with a wall thickness of 6–8 mm or more are considered thick‑walled; they are better suited for salads and stuffing. Thin‑walled (3–5 mm) are convenient for drying and quick cooking, but are less juicy.
  • Number of locules (chambers) – the number of seed chambers inside the fruit. Usually a range is given (e.g., 2–3 or 3–4). A greater number of locules often correlates with fleshiness and cuboid shape, but there is no direct dependence.
  • Colour at technical ripeness – the colour of the fruit at the removable maturity stage (when the fruit has already formed but has not yet acquired its final colour). Most often this is green, dark green, yellowish, or greenish‑white. Technical ripeness occurs earlier than biological ripeness, and the fruits can already be eaten, stored, and transported.
  • Colour at biological ripeness – the colour of the fruit at full maturity. This can be red, orange, yellow, brown, purple, or even black. Biological ripeness gives the most vibrant flavour and aroma.
  • Flavour of fresh fruits – assessed on a scale of "good", "excellent", "satisfactory". This assessment is subjective, but gives a general idea of sweetness, aroma, and juiciness.
  • Yield – indicated either in kilograms per square metre (kg/m²) for protected ground and garden plots, or in centners per hectare (c/ha) for commercial production. For amateurs, this is a convenient guide for comparing the potential return of a variety.
  • Resistance to diseases and stresses – the description often contains phrases such as "resistant to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)", "heat‑tolerant", "drought‑tolerant", "cold‑tolerant", "resistant to verticillium wilt". This is important information, especially if certain diseases are common in your region or if temperature fluctuations are frequent.

Understanding these terms helps not only to read the description but also to "translate" it into the language of practical actions. For example, if you live in Siberia and want to grow peppers in open ground, you will look for an early‑ or mid‑early variety recommended for the West Siberian or East Siberian region, with good cold tolerance. If your goal is canning, choose varieties with thin walls and small fruits suitable for whole‑fruit pickling. Thus, the characteristics from the State Register serve as a reliable foundation for a choice that guarantees success.

4. Top Most Popular Sweet Pepper Varieties

Popularity of a variety is not always an indicator of its superiority. Often it is the result of many years of reputation, a successful combination of characteristics, seed availability, and, of course, active discussion in gardening communities. Nevertheless, the list of the most searched‑for varieties on Yandex over the past two years gives a clear picture of what gardeners trust the most.

The top 15 includes both legendary varieties bred in Soviet times and modern hybrids that have gained wide recognition. Note that not all items in this list are "new" – many varieties have been cultivated for decades, and their popularity only grows over the years.

Top 15 Varieties and Hybrids by Number of Yandex Search Queries (over two years)

№Variety/Hybrid NameYear of inclusion in the State RegisterBrief description
1LASTOCHKA1974Classic mid‑early variety for open ground. Conical fruits, weight 53–84 g, wall thickness 5–7 mm. Valued for uniform ripening, stable yield, and excellent taste. Used both at technical and biological ripeness.
2PALERMO F12015Popular late‑ripening Dutch‑bred hybrid for film greenhouses. Tall plant, trunk‑shaped very long fruits, weight 120–350 g. High yield (up to 24 kg/m²) and excellent flavour.
3KALIFORNIYSKOYE CHUDO1999Legendary variety known for its large cuboid fruits weighing 80–128 g (up to 200 g in some cases) with wall thickness up to 8 mm. Early‑ripening, recommended for the Lower Volga region. One of the most recognisable varieties with excellent flavour and high marketability.
4BOGATYR1996Mid‑season variety recommended for the North Caucasus and Lower Volga regions. Tall plant, conical fruits weighing 75–100 g, wall thickness 5–6 mm. Valued for stable yield, uniform fruits, and disease resistance.
5PILOT F12023One of the newest hybrids in the register. Created for protected ground. Conical fruits weighing about 176 g, wall thickness 6–7 mm. Distinguished by strong gloss, lack of ribbing, and excellent flavour.
6PODAROK MOLDOVY1973One of the oldest and most recognisable varieties. Mid‑early, standard bush, height 35–45 cm. Conical fruits, weight 53–70 g, wall thickness 4–5 mm. Valued for unpretentiousness, stable yield, and suitability for canning.
7KAPIYA2010Mid‑season variety for open ground. Conical fruits weighing about 60 g, wall thickness 4 mm. Excellent flavour and good yield in southern regions.
8BELOZERKA1992Mid‑early variety recommended for the North Caucasus region. Standard plant, height 40–70 cm. Conical fruits, light cream at technical ripeness, red at biological ripeness. Weight 77–90 g, wall thickness 6–7.5 mm. Excellent flavour and rot resistance.
9VINNI PUKH1981Early‑ripening variety for protected ground. Compact plant, height 25–30 cm, with clustered fruit arrangement. Conical fruits weighing about 48 g. Ideal for greenhouses and window sill growing.
10KAKADU F12004Mid‑season hybrid for film covers. Tall plant, trunk‑shaped fruits up to 200 g. Excellent flavour and high yield (8–10 kg/m²).
11LISICHKA F12002Early‑ripening hybrid for film covers. Semi‑standard, short plant. Conical small fruits (25–45 g), wall thickness 5–6 mm. Valued for original shape and colour, as well as excellent taste.
12CLAUDIO F12007Mid‑season hybrid for open ground (recommended for North Caucasus). Semi‑spreading plant, prism‑shaped fruits weighing 100–172 g, wall thickness 6.5–7.8 mm. Heat‑tolerant, resistant to tobacco mosaic virus.
13VOLOVYE UKHO2007Mid‑season variety for open ground and film covers. Spreading plant, conical fruits weighing 170–200 g, wall thickness 6.7 mm. Excellent flavour and resistance to fusarium.
14GYPSY F12007Early‑ripening hybrid for open ground and film covers. Semi‑spreading plant, cylindrical fruits weighing 100–120 g, wall thickness 6–7 mm. Resistant to tobacco mosaic virus, valued for uniform fruiting and excellent flavour.
15KUPETS2001Early‑ripening variety for open ground and film covers. Standard plant, height 75–85 cm. Cylindrical fruits weighing 62–90 g, wall thickness 4–5 mm. Valued for stable yield, high marketability, and large fruit size.

🫑 Comparison of Four Hits from Agrofirma Poisk

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Classic
Sweet pepper variety Lastochka

Lastochka

  • Type: variety, mid‑early
  • Fruit weight: 53–84 g
  • Wall thickness: 5–7 mm
  • Regions: 3, 5, 6, 7, 8

Time‑tested variety for open ground. Conical red fruits, uniform ripening, stable yield. Ideal for canning.

🥇 People's choice
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Hybrid F1
Sweet pepper hybrid Atlant F1

Atlant F1

  • Type: hybrid, mid‑season
  • Fruit weight: 200–400 g
  • Wall thickness: 8–10 mm
  • Regions: all (1–12)

Large cuboid red fruits, very fleshy. Excellent flavour, high yield. Suitable for greenhouses and open ground.

💎 Maximum fleshiness
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Heat‑tolerant
Sweet pepper variety Zdorovyak

Zdorovyak

  • Type: variety, mid‑season
  • Fruit weight: 250–300 g
  • Wall thickness: 7–8 mm
  • Regions: 6, 8

Developed for southern regions. Heat‑ and drought‑tolerant, with large cuboid fruits. Consistently high yield.

☀️ For hot climates
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Early
Sweet pepper variety Kupets

Kupets

  • Type: variety, early‑ripening
  • Fruit weight: 62–90 g
  • Wall thickness: 4–5 mm
  • Regions: all (1–12)

Early variety for open ground and film covers. Cylindrical uniform fruits with high marketability. Stable yield.

⏱ Early harvest
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All varieties are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements and approved for use in private subsidiary farms. Original seeds from Agrofirma Poisk are available at the online store onlinesemena.ru.

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As can be seen from the table, the top is predictably dominated by time‑tested varieties. Five of the fifteen positions are occupied by varieties bred in the 1970s–1980s. This indicates that gardeners value reliability and predictability, especially in conditions of unstable climate. At the same time, the list also includes modern hybrids (Palermo, Pilot, Claudio), which shows that gardeners are open to new technologies and willing to invest in seeds with improved characteristics, especially when it comes to growing in greenhouses or in southern regions where the potential of hybrids is fully realised.

5. Overview of Russian Sweet Pepper Varieties by Main Characteristics

5.1. By Ripening Time

Ripening time is one of the most important characteristics when choosing a variety, especially if you live in a region with a short and cool summer. How quickly a variety enters fruiting determines whether the crop will have time to ripen before autumn cold sets in. In the State Register, all varieties and hybrids are divided into maturity groups, which allows you to select the optimal option for any conditions.

Very Early and Early Varieties (up to 110 days from emergence)

These varieties are true "record holders" in speed. They are ideal for regions with a short growing season (Urals, Siberia, North‑West), as well as for obtaining the earliest possible harvest. Early varieties often have smaller fruits, but their advantage is reliability and the ability to harvest before diseases and pests, which become active in mid‑summer, appear.

Examples of very early and early varieties:

  • VINNI PUKH (1981) – early‑ripening variety for protected ground, begins fruiting at 107–111 days. Compact plant (25–30 cm), conical fruits weighing about 48 g. Thanks to cluster‑type fruit arrangement, it gives a uniform early harvest.
  • AGAPOVSKIY (1995) – early‑ripening variety for protected ground, ripens in 99–120 days. Prism‑shaped fruits weighing 114–120 g, wall thickness 5–7 mm. Distinguished by high ascorbic acid content and resistance to tobacco mosaic virus.
  • DOBRYAK (2001) – very early variety for film covers, ripens in 95–100 days. Round fruits weighing 100–110 g, very thick wall (9–10 mm). Valued for high yield (up to 12.4 kg/m²) and fleshiness.
  • BABUSHKIN SEKRET (2022) – early‑ripening variety (106 days from emergence). Standard plant, height 55–60 cm. Large fruits (150 g), cuboid, wall thickness 8–9 mm. Suitable for open ground and film covers.
  • GYPSY F1 (2007) – early‑ripening hybrid for open ground and film covers. Cylindrical fruits weighing 100–120 g, wall thickness 6–7 mm. Distinguished by uniform fruiting and resistance to tobacco mosaic virus.
  • ZVEZDA VOSTOKA F1 (2007) – early‑ripening hybrid, popular for its large cuboid fruits (130–160 g) with wall thickness 8–9 mm. Suitable for both open and protected ground.

Mid‑Early Varieties (110–120 days)

This is the "golden mean" – varieties that manage to ripen in most regions while producing larger and fleshier fruits than early ones. Mid‑early varieties are often more productive and tolerate temperature fluctuations better.

Examples of mid‑early varieties:

  • LASTOCHKA (1974) – one of the most famous mid‑early varieties, technical ripeness occurs at 106–130 days. Conical fruits weighing 53–84 g, wall thickness 5–7 mm. Uniform ripening and stable yield make it a favourite among gardeners.
  • PODAROK MOLDOVY (1973) – mid‑early variety, technical ripeness at 119–124 days. Standard plant, height 35–45 cm. Conical fruits weighing 53–70 g, wall thickness 4–5 mm. Valued for unpretentiousness and resistance to fusarium wilt.
  • BELOZERKA (1992) – mid‑early variety, technical ripeness at 114 days. Standard plant, height 40–70 cm. Conical fruits, cream at technical ripeness, red at biological ripeness. Weight 77–90 g, wall thickness 6–7.5 mm. Excellent flavour and rot resistance.
  • LETNIY KUB F1 (2012) – early‑ripening hybrid with dense cuboid fruits weighing 150 g. Wall 7–8 mm. Flexible, suitable for different growing conditions.

Mid‑Season Varieties (120–130 days)

These varieties require a longer warm period, so they are more often grown in the Central, Central Black Earth, and southern regions. Mid‑season varieties, as a rule, give the most abundant harvest and are distinguished by large fruits with thick walls.

Examples of mid‑season varieties:

  • BOGATYR (1996) – mid‑season variety, ripens in 115–131 days. Tall plant, conical fruits weighing 75–100 g, wall thickness 5–6 mm. Distinguished by stable yield and resistance to mosaic.
  • VOLOVYE UKHO (2007) – mid‑season variety, conical fruits weighing 170–200 g, wall thickness 6.7 mm. Resistant to fusarium, suitable for open ground and film covers.
  • GERAKL (2007) – late‑ripening variety, but in southern conditions it gives excellent results. Cuboid fruits weighing 150–160 g, wall thickness 6.8 mm. Resistant to fusarium.
  • ZDOROVYE (1986) – classic mid‑season variety for protected ground. Distinguished by stable yield and good flavour.
  • KALIFORNIYSKOYE CHUDO (1999) – mid‑early or mid‑season (depending on conditions) variety, known for large cuboid fruits weighing 80–128 g with wall thickness up to 8 mm.

Late‑Ripening Varieties (more than 130 days)

Late‑ripening varieties require a long warm season, so they are grown mainly in southern regions (North Caucasus, Lower Volga) or in heated greenhouses. However, they often produce the largest and most aromatic fruits.

Examples of late‑ripening varieties:

  • PALERMO F1 (2015) – late‑ripening hybrid for film greenhouses. Tall plant, trunk‑shaped very long fruits weighing 120–350 g. Yield up to 24 kg/m².
  • SLON F1 (2015) – late‑ripening hybrid with cylindrical fruits weighing 230–300 g, wall thickness 6–8 mm. Well suited for long storage.
  • GENERAL VRANGEL F1 (2019) – late‑ripening hybrid with elongated‑conical fruits weighing 110–140 g. Distinguished by a long fruiting period.

5.2. By Growing Conditions

The choice between varieties for open ground, protected ground, and film covers determines not only the planting site but also the care requirements: plant shaping, staking, watering, and protection from temperature fluctuations. The State Register clearly indicates the recommended conditions for each variety, and this should be trusted.

Varieties for Open Ground

These are the hardiest varieties, capable of growing without covers. They generally have a more compact bush (standard forms), are resistant to wind and temperature changes, as well as to major diseases. Their fruits often have denser skin, which protects them from mechanical damage.

Examples of varieties for open ground:

  • LASTOCHKA (1974) – recommended for open ground in many regions. Distinguished by uniform ripening and stable yield.
  • PODAROK MOLDOVY (1973) – classic variety for open ground, especially popular in southern regions.
  • BELOZERKA (1992) – recommended for the North Caucasus region, performs well in open ground.
  • KUPETS (2001) – early‑ripening variety for open ground and film covers, distinguished by stable yield and high marketability.
  • KAPIYA (2010) – mid‑season variety for open ground, popular in southern regions.

Varieties for Protected Ground

These varieties are created for cultivation in greenhouses (glass, polycarbonate, film). Most often they are indeterminate (unlimited growth) or semi‑determinate plants that require staking and shaping. They give higher yields but are also more demanding of conditions: stable temperature, humidity, and nutrition.

Examples of varieties for protected ground:

  • AGAPOVSKIY (1995) – early‑ripening variety for protected ground. Gives stable yields of 9.5–10.3 kg/m².
  • ZDOROVYE (1986) – one of the classic greenhouse varieties, popular in winter and spring greenhouses.
  • NEZHNOST (1986) – another greenhouse "veteran", valued for stability and good flavour.
  • BARIN (2002) – mid‑early variety for protected ground, suitable for low‑volume and soil culture. Yield up to 19.2 kg/m².
  • PALERMO F1 (2015) – late‑ripening hybrid for film greenhouses with high yield (up to 24 kg/m²).
  • PILOT F1 (2023) – modern hybrid for protected ground with excellent commercial qualities.

Varieties for Film Covers

This is an intermediate group – varieties that grow well both under temporary covers (arches with film, agrotextile) and in greenhouses. They are often more flexible and forgiving of care mistakes, making them popular among amateur gardeners.

Examples of varieties for film covers:

  • DOBRYAK (2001) – very early variety, recommended for film covers. Gives high yields (9.3–12.4 kg/m²).
  • VINNI PUKH (1981) – early‑ripening variety, ideal for film greenhouses and covers.
  • GYPSY F1 (2007) – early‑ripening hybrid for open ground and film covers.
  • ZVEZDA VOSTOKA F1 (2007) – early‑ripening hybrid for open ground and film covers. Universal and reliable.

Universal Varieties

Separately, it is worth highlighting varieties that are recommended in the State Register for several types of cultivation at once – for example, for open ground and under film covers, or for garden plots and commercial production. These are the most flexible options, suitable for the majority of gardeners.

Examples of universal varieties:

  • BOGATYR (1996) – although officially recommended for southern regions, it is also successfully grown under covers.
  • VOLOVYE UKHO (2007) – recommended for both open ground and film covers.
  • KUPETS (2001) – universal variety for open ground and film covers.
  • KAK MEDOVYY KOROL F1 (2015) – early‑ripening hybrid for open ground and film covers with cylindrical fruits weighing 150–180 g and wall 7–7.5 mm.

5.3. By Fruit Shape and Size

Fruit shape and size are not only visual characteristics but also practical parameters determining the ease of use of the pepper. Large cuboid fruits are ideal for stuffing and slicing, conical and cylindrical ones are versatile, and small trunk‑shaped forms are convenient for whole‑fruit pickling. The State Register records all these parameters, and they serve as reliable guidelines when choosing.

Large‑Fruited Varieties (200 g and more)

Varieties with large fruits are especially valued for their fleshiness, juiciness, and marketable appearance. Such peppers are most often used fresh, for stuffing, and for making lecho. However, large‑fruited varieties are generally more demanding of nutrition and moisture, and also have a longer ripening period.

Examples of large‑fruited varieties:

  • AVANGARD (2003) – mid‑season variety for film covers. Prism‑shaped fruits weighing 350–450 g, wall thickness 6–7 mm. Distinguished by high yield (8.2 kg/m²) and excellent flavour.
  • BOTSMAN (2003) – mid‑season variety for film covers. Cuboid fruits weighing 380–500 g, wall thickness 7–8 mm. Large fruit size and fleshiness make it a favourite for stuffing.
  • PARTNYOR F1 (2019) – early‑ripening hybrid for open ground and film covers. Cuboid fruits weighing 190–220 g, wall thickness 9–10 mm. Yield up to 14 kg/m².
  • GRENADER F1 (2007) – mid‑season hybrid for film covers. Prism‑shaped fruits up to 600 g, wall thickness 8–10 mm. One of the largest‑fruited hybrids in the register.
  • CHERNOBROVKA (2015) – early‑ripening variety for open ground and film covers. Cylindrical fruits weighing 250 g, wall thickness 8–10 mm. Unusual dark brown colour at biological ripeness.
  • ISPANSKIY BYK (2019) – mid‑late variety with cylindrical fruits weighing 350–390 g, wall thickness 7–8 mm.

Medium‑Fruited Varieties (100–200 g)

This is the most numerous group. Such varieties are universal – they can be used both fresh and for processing. They are convenient to care for, give stable yields, and are well adapted to various conditions.

Examples of medium‑fruited varieties:

  • AGAPOVSKIY (1995) – early‑ripening variety for protected ground. Prism‑shaped fruits weighing 114–120 g, wall thickness 5–7 mm. Distinguished by high vitamin C content and resistance to tobacco mosaic virus.
  • AKKORD (2003) – early‑ripening variety for film covers. Conical fruits weighing 160–190 g, wall thickness 6–7 mm. Valued for high yield and fleshiness.
  • VOLOVYE UKHO (2007) – mid‑season variety for open ground and film covers. Conical fruits weighing 170–200 g, wall thickness 6.7 mm. Excellent flavour and resistance to fusarium.
  • BIG BOY (2012) – early‑ripening variety for open ground and film covers. Cylindrical fruits weighing 260–280 g, wall thickness 7.5–8 mm.
  • DZHEK (2009) – early‑ripening variety. Cylindrical fruits up to 164 g, wall thickness up to 8 mm. Excellent flavour and stable yield.
  • ZOLOTOY BYK (2020) – early‑ripening variety with cuboid fruits weighing 200–250 g, wall thickness 6–7 mm. Original yellow colour.

Small‑Fruited Varieties (up to 100 g)

Small‑fruited varieties often lose in size but win in ripening speed, abundance of fruiting, and convenience of processing. They are ideal for canning, pickling, and making paprika. In addition, small‑fruited varieties are often more cold‑tolerant and unpretentious.

Examples of small‑fruited varieties:

  • LASTOCHKA (1974) – mid‑early variety. Conical fruits weighing 53–84 g, wall thickness 5–7 mm. Uniform ripening and excellent flavour.
  • PODAROK MOLDOVY (1973) – mid‑early variety. Conical fruits weighing 53–70 g, wall thickness 4–5 mm. Unpretentious and stable.
  • BELOZERKA (1992) – mid‑early variety. Conical fruits weighing 77–90 g, wall thickness 6–7.5 mm. Excellent flavour.
  • VINNI PUKH (1981) – early‑ripening variety. Conical fruits weighing about 48 g. Compact plant, ideal for greenhouses and window sills.
  • KAPIYA (2010) – mid‑season variety. Conical fruits weighing about 60 g, wall thickness 4 mm. Good flavour, recommended for southern regions.
  • VESYOLYY GNOM (2009) – early‑ripening variety. Conical fruits weighing 20 g, wall thickness 4 mm. Abundant fruiting, decorative.
  • GNOMIK (2015) – mid‑season variety. Conical fruits weighing 25–30 g, wall thickness 3.5–4.2 mm. Suitable for whole‑fruit pickling.

Special Fruit Shapes

In addition to size, shape is also important, as it determines ease of use. The register contains the following main types:

Cuboid and prism‑shaped fruits – considered classic for stuffing because they have a flat bottom and even walls. They are also good for slicing and salads.

Examples: AVANGARD, BOTSMAN, KALIFORNIYSKOYE CHUDO, PARTNYOR F1, IGROK, TSAREVICH.

Conical and cylindrical fruits – the most common shape. Convenient for slicing, salads, and most types of processing.

Examples: LASTOCHKA, PODAROK MOLDOVY, BOGATYR, VOLOVYE UKHO, AKKORD, BELOZERKA.

Trunk‑shaped and elongated fruits – often have thin walls and are ideal for whole‑fruit pickling, drying, and making paprika. Such peppers are easy to stuff lengthwise, and their narrow shape is convenient for canning in jars.

Examples: KHASKI F1, KAKADU F1, PALERMO F1, SIBIRSKIY EKSPRESS.

Flat‑round and round fruits – unusual shape that attracts attention. Such peppers are convenient for stuffing as "boats" and for decorative purposes.

Examples: GREK, KOLOBOK, SADOVOYE KOLTSO, TOLSTUSHKA F1.

Heart‑shaped fruits – original shape, close to conical, but more rounded at the base. Such peppers often have a sweet taste and fleshy wall.

Examples: IVOLGA, MADONNA F1, KUPIDON.

Quick Guide to Choosing by Shape and Size

Your goalRecommended shapeRecommended size
StuffingCuboid, prism‑shapedLarge (200–400 g)
Salads and fresh consumptionConical, cylindrical, prism‑shapedMedium and large (100–300 g)
Whole‑fruit picklingTrunk‑shaped, elongated, small conicalSmall and medium (30–100 g)
Drying for paprikaTrunk‑shaped, thin‑walledSmall (20–50 g)
Freezing and lechoAny shape, but thick‑walled preferredMedium and large (100–250 g)
Decorative gardeningFlat‑round, round, small‑fruitedSmall (20–70 g)

The choice of fruit shape and size is primarily determined by your culinary preferences and processing methods. However, remember that large fruits require more time to ripen and more careful care, while small‑fruited varieties are usually earlier and more unpretentious. Take this into account when planning your plantings.

5.4. By Fruit Colour at Biological Ripeness

Fruit colour is not just a decorative feature, but an important characteristic reflecting the biochemical composition and taste qualities of the pepper. At biological ripeness, when the seeds are fully mature, the colour becomes most saturated and stable. The State Register indicates the colour at both technical (harvest) and biological ripeness, which allows you to plan the use of the harvest.

Red Fruits

Red is the most common and traditional colour of sweet pepper. Such fruits contain high amounts of lycopene and have a rich sweet taste. Most classic varieties have red colouration at biological ripeness.

Examples of varieties with red fruits:

  • LASTOCHKA (1974) – classic variety with red fruits at biological ripeness, weight 53–84 g.
  • PODAROK MOLDOVY (1973) – red‑fruited variety, one of the most recognisable.
  • BOGATYR (1996) – large red conical fruits weighing 75–100 g.
  • AGAPOVSKIY (1995) – early‑ripening variety for protected ground with red prism‑shaped fruits.
  • VOLOVYE UKHO (2007) – mid‑season variety with red conical fruits weighing 170–200 g.
  • GERAKL (2007) – late‑ripening variety with red cuboid fruits.
  • AKKORD (2003) – early‑ripening variety for film covers with red conical fruits.

Yellow and Orange Fruits

Yellow and orange peppers are especially valued for their high beta‑carotene (provitamin A) content. They are often sweeter than red varieties and have a more delicate, fruity flavour. Such peppers look attractive in salads and on market stalls.

Examples of varieties with yellow and orange fruits:

  • AFRODITA (2013) – early‑ripening variety with dark yellow prism‑shaped fruits weighing 170–210 g, wall thickness 10 mm.
  • BIG GIRL (2012) – early‑ripening variety with orange prism‑shaped fruits weighing 150–200 g.
  • BIG MAMA (2011) – early‑ripening variety with orange cylindrical fruits weighing 120 g, wall thickness 7 mm.
  • ZOLOTOY BYK (2020) – early‑ripening variety with yellow cuboid fruits weighing 200–250 g.
  • ORANZHEVYY BYK (2012) – mid‑season variety with orange cuboid fruits weighing 160–180 g.
  • RYZHIY BARIN F1 (2022) – early‑ripening hybrid with dark orange prism‑shaped fruits weighing 250–285 g, wall thickness 9 mm.
  • ZOLOTAYA PIRAMIDA (2009) – early‑ripening variety with yellow conical fruits.
  • ORANZHEVOYE CHUDO F1 (2012) – early‑ripening hybrid with orange cuboid fruits weighing 210 g.

Purple and Chocolate Fruits

These are so‑called "coloured" varieties that have been gaining popularity in recent years due to their original appearance and high anthocyanin content (natural antioxidants). Purple colouration most often appears at technical ripeness and changes to red or dark red by biological ripeness. Chocolate (brown) peppers have an unusual, slightly spicy flavour.

Examples of varieties with purple and chocolate fruits:

  • BAGIRA (2008) – mid‑season variety with dark purple fruits at technical ripeness and dark red at biological ripeness. Cuboid fruits weighing 132 g, wall thickness 6 mm.
  • ZVEZDA VOSTOKA FIOLETOVAYA F1 (2006) – early‑ripening hybrid, fruits dark red at biological ripeness.
  • ZVEZDA VOSTOKA SHOKOLADNAYA F1 (2006) – mid‑season hybrid with dark brown cylindrical fruits weighing 260–350 g, wall thickness 8 mm.
  • CHERNOBROVKA (2015) – early‑ripening variety with dark brown cylindrical fruits weighing 250 g, wall thickness 8–10 mm.
  • KORICHNEVYY KUB (2020) – early‑ripening variety with dark brown cuboid fruits weighing 140–250 g, wall thickness 7–9 mm.
  • BUDULAY F1 (2018) – early‑ripening hybrid with brown cuboid fruits weighing 230–250 g, wall thickness 8–9 mm.
  • MISTIK (2018) – early‑ripening variety with purple fruits at technical ripeness and brown‑red at biological ripeness.

White and Cream Fruits

An exotic group that is rarely found in amateur collections but deserves attention. White and cream peppers usually have a very delicate, sweet taste and thin skin. They are most often small and used for salads and whole‑fruit pickling.

Examples of varieties with white and cream fruits:

  • BELOZERKA (1992) – mid‑early variety, fruits light cream at technical ripeness, red at biological ripeness.
  • BELOYE ZOLOTO (2009) – early‑ripening variety with greenish‑white fruits at technical ripeness and light yellow at biological ripeness.
  • BELAYA NOCH (2003) – early‑ripening variety with greenish‑white fruits at technical ripeness and yellow at biological ripeness.

Quick Guide to Fruit Colour

ColourNutritional valueCulinary use
RedHigh lycopene, vitamin CSalads, lecho, freezing, stuffing
Yellow / OrangeBeta‑carotene, sweeter than redSalads, fresh consumption, decorative presentation
PurpleAnthocyanins, antioxidantsSalads, for original preserves
Chocolate / BrownUnusual flavour, high sugar contentFresh consumption, lecho, unique sauces
White / CreamDelicate flavour, thin skinSalads, whole‑fruit pickling

Fruit colour is not only an aesthetic matter but also an important practical criterion affecting taste, biochemical composition, and the ways peppers are used. For salads and fresh consumption, choose bright red, yellow, and orange varieties – they are the sweetest. For original preserves and attracting attention at the market – purple and chocolate varieties. And for whole‑fruit pickling, small cream and yellow fruits are excellent.

5.5. By Wall Thickness

Wall thickness is one of the key characteristics determining the fleshiness, juiciness, and technological purpose of the pepper. In the State Register, this parameter is given in millimetres. The thicker the wall, the more juicy and fleshy the fruit, but such varieties usually require more time to ripen and are more finicky in care. Thin‑walled varieties ripen faster, are easier to dry, and are ideal for whole‑fruit pickling.

Thick‑Walled Varieties (6–10 mm and more)

These are the fleshiest and juiciest peppers, often called "tomato‑like" for their thickness. They are excellent for stuffing, slicing in salads, making lecho, and freezing. Thick‑walled varieties are generally more productive but require good nutrition and watering.

Examples of thick‑walled varieties:

  • BOTSMAN (2003) – mid‑season variety for film covers. Cuboid fruits weighing 380–500 g, wall thickness 7–8 mm.
  • AVANGARD (2003) – mid‑season variety. Prism‑shaped fruits weighing 350–450 g, wall thickness 6–7 mm.
  • BARIN (2002) – mid‑early variety for protected ground. Cuboid fruits, wall thickness 9–10 mm. Yield up to 19.2 kg/m².
  • TOLSTYY BARON (2007) – early‑ripening variety. Prism‑shaped fruits weighing 106–167 g, wall thickness 7–10 mm. Excellent flavour and strong pepper aroma.
  • ALKMAR F1 (2012) – early‑ripening hybrid. Prism‑shaped fruits weighing 270 g, wall thickness 9–10 mm. Yield up to 10 kg/m².
  • PARTNYOR F1 (2019) – early‑ripening hybrid. Cuboid fruits weighing 190–220 g, wall thickness 9–10 mm. Yield up to 14 kg/m².
  • BIG BOY (2012) – early‑ripening variety. Cylindrical fruits weighing 260–280 g, wall thickness 7.5–8 mm.
  • KRASNAYA SHAPOCHKA (2013) – early‑ripening variety. Cuboid fruits weighing 200–245 g, wall thickness 7 mm. Yield 8.5–9.5 kg/m².

Medium‑Walled Varieties (4–6 mm)

This is the most universal group, including both early and mid‑season varieties. Such peppers are juicy and fleshy but not overloaded with flesh, making them convenient for all types of processing – from salads to lecho and stuffing. They store and transport well.

Examples of medium‑walled varieties:

  • LASTOCHKA (1974) – mid‑early variety, wall thickness 5–7 mm.
  • PODAROK MOLDOVY (1973) – mid‑early variety, wall thickness 4–5 mm.
  • BELOZERKA (1992) – mid‑early variety, wall thickness 6–7.5 mm.
  • BOGATYR (1996) – mid‑season variety, wall thickness 4.9–5.8 mm.
  • VOLOVYE UKHO (2007) – mid‑season variety, wall thickness 6.7 mm.
  • AGAPOVSKIY (1995) – early‑ripening variety, wall thickness 5–7 mm.
  • AKKORD (2003) – early‑ripening variety, wall thickness 6–7 mm.
  • ZVEZDA VOSTOKA F1 (2007) – early‑ripening hybrid, wall thickness 8–9 mm.

Thin‑Walled Varieties (up to 4 mm)

Thin‑walled peppers are often underestimated, but they have important advantages: they ripen faster, are better suited for drying (paprika), whole‑fruit pickling, and marinating. Such fruits heat through more quickly during cooking and give a rich flavour to sauces and pastes.

Examples of thin‑walled varieties:

  • KAPIYA (2010) – mid‑season variety, wall thickness 4 mm.
  • VINNI PUKH (1981) – early‑ripening variety, wall thickness not specified, but fruits are small, up to 48 g, which is typical for thin‑walled forms.
  • AKVARELL (2004) – early‑ripening variety, wall thickness 2–2.5 mm. Small fruits (20–30 g) for whole‑fruit pickling.
  • BUKET VOSTOKA F1 (2006) – early‑ripening hybrid, wall thickness 4 mm, fruit weight 50–60 g. Recommended for pickling.
  • LISICHKA F1 (2002) – early‑ripening hybrid with conical fruits weighing 25–45 g, wall thickness 5–6 mm.
  • MALYSH (2001) – mid‑season variety for making paprika, wall thickness 1.5–2.5 mm.
  • KOROLEVSKIY (2020) – early‑ripening variety, wall thickness 3.5–4.7 mm.

Quick Guide to Wall Thickness

Wall thicknessCharacteristicsRecommendations for use
Thick‑walled (6–10+ mm)Fleshy, juicy, sweetSalads, stuffing, lecho, freezing
Medium‑walled (4–6 mm)Universal, juicy, firmSalads, lecho, canning, freezing
Thin‑walled (up to 4 mm)Ripen quickly, dry easilyDrying (paprika), whole‑fruit pickling, quick sauces

The choice by wall thickness directly depends on your goals. If you want maximum flesh and juice – choose thick‑walled varieties. If you plan to preserve peppers for future use (drying, pickling, freezing in pieces) – universal medium‑walled varieties will be optimal. For whole‑fruit pickling and making spices, thin‑walled forms are better. Remember that thin‑walled varieties are generally earlier, which is beneficial in regions with short summers.

5.6. By Resistance to Stresses and Diseases

Resistance to stresses is one of the most important characteristics for practical gardening. In the State Register, this information is not given for every variety, but when it is present, it is a valuable guide. Understanding resistance helps to choose a variety that will most likely survive and yield a harvest under specific conditions: drought, return frosts, heavy soils, or during epidemic years for diseases.

Cold‑Tolerant Varieties

These varieties are able to set fruit and develop at reduced temperatures (down to +12…+15°C), which is critical for regions with cool and unstable summers. They are also more resistant to fluctuations in day and night temperatures.

Examples of cold‑tolerant varieties:

  • ALESHA POPOVICH (2000) – mid‑season variety, sets fruit well under temperature fluctuations. Does not require plant shaping.
  • BOYARIN (2008) – early‑ripening variety, resistant to low temperatures.
  • VOZHD KRASNOKOZHKH (2008) – early‑ripening variety, resistant to low temperatures.
  • KNYAZ SEREBRYANYY (2007) – early‑ripening variety, cold‑tolerant.
  • RADUGA (2013) – early‑ripening variety, recommended for open ground in Siberian conditions.
  • MOROZKO (2001) – mid‑season variety for the West Siberian region, resistant to alternaria.
  • SIBIRSKIY KNYAZ (2006) – early‑ripening variety for Siberia and the Far East.

Practical tip: for regions with short summers and frequent frosts, choose varieties marked "cold‑tolerant" and with early ripening dates.

Heat‑Tolerant and Drought‑Tolerant Varieties

These varieties are adapted to southern regions where summer temperatures can exceed +35°C and rainfall is scarce. They set fruit well at high temperatures and use moisture economically.

Examples of heat‑ and drought‑tolerant varieties:

  • BONETA (2007) – early‑ripening variety, tolerates high temperatures and drought well.
  • ALKMAR F1 (2012) – heat‑tolerant hybrid for southern regions.
  • ALLAR F1 (2019) – heat‑tolerant hybrid, recommended for open ground in southern regions.
  • BELLA VISTA F1 (2013) – heat‑tolerant hybrid.
  • ZHAVORONOK (2019) – heat‑ and drought‑tolerant variety for southern regions.
  • ZDOROVYAK (2019) – heat‑ and drought‑tolerant variety.
  • KATRIN (2019) – heat‑ and drought‑tolerant variety.
  • MADONNA F1 (2008) – drought‑tolerant hybrid, recommended for the North Caucasus region.
  • GERKULES F1 (2007) – drought‑tolerant hybrid for the North Caucasus region.
  • TOLSTUSHKA F1 (2007) – heat‑ and drought‑tolerant hybrid.

Practical tip: for southern regions with hot summers, choose varieties resistant to high temperatures and drought, especially if cultivation is in open ground without drip irrigation.

Resistance to Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

Tobacco mosaic virus is one of the most common and dangerous diseases of pepper. It causes leaf deformation, mosaic colouration, reduced yield, and plant death. Resistance to TMV is an important advantage that helps reduce losses from this virus.

Examples of varieties resistant to TMV:

  • AGAPOVSKIY (1995) – early‑ripening variety for protected ground, resistant to TMV.
  • ADEPT F1 (2006) – early‑ripening hybrid, resistant to TMV.
  • ARISTOTEL EKS 3 R F1 (2008) – mid‑late hybrid, resistant to bacterial spot and TMV.
  • BARBI F1 (2011) – early‑ripening hybrid, resistant to TMV.
  • BLONDI F1 (2003) – early‑ripening hybrid for protected ground, resistant to TMV.
  • VESNUSHKA (2000) – early‑ripening variety for film covers, resistant to TMV.
  • GERKULES F1 (2007) – mid‑early hybrid, resistant to TMV and potato virus.
  • JADE F1 (2017) – early‑ripening hybrid, resistant to TMV.
  • EKATERINA F1 (2006) – early‑ripening hybrid, resistant to TMV.
  • IGALO F1 (2012) – early‑ripening hybrid, resistant to TMV.
  • KVINTA F1 (2019) – early‑ripening hybrid, resistant to TMV.
  • CLAUDIO F1 (2007) – mid‑season hybrid, resistant to TMV.
  • POMPEO F1 (2014) – mid‑season hybrid, resistant to TMV.

Practical tip: if in your region (or in your greenhouse) plants with mosaic leaves regularly appear, choose hybrids marked "resistant to TMV" – this will save you time and effort in fighting the disease.

Resistance to Verticillium Wilt and Fusarium

Verticillium and fusarium are dangerous fungal diseases that affect the vascular system of the plant. They lead to wilting, yellowing, and death of the bush, especially in hot weather. Resistance to these pathogens is especially important when growing in rotation with other solanaceous crops (tomatoes, eggplants) and on heavy soils.

Examples of varieties resistant to verticillium and fusarium:

  • ALESHA POPOVICH (2000) – tolerant to verticillium wilt.
  • BOLGARETS (2007) – resistant to fusarium.
  • VOLOVYE UKHO (2007) – resistant to fusarium.
  • GERKULES F1 (2007) – drought‑tolerant, resistant to TMV and potato virus.
  • ZVEZDA VOSTOKA F1 (2007) – resistant to verticillium.
  • ILYA MUROMETS (2000) – resistant to verticillium wilt.
  • PODAROK MOLDOVY (1973) – resistant to fusarium wilt.
  • POLET (1997) – resistant to verticillium wilt.
  • PROMETEY (2000) – resistant to verticillium wilt.
  • ROSTOVSKIY YUBILEYNYY (2004) – resistant to fusarium and alternaria.
  • TEMP F1 (2007) – tolerant to verticillium wilt.

Practical tip: if you notice that peppers on your plot often suddenly wilt and dry up, especially in mid‑summer, choose varieties resistant to verticillium and fusarium. This is especially relevant when growing in open ground in southern regions.

Quick Guide to Resistance

Type of resistanceFor which conditionsRecommended regions
Cold toleranceShort summers, return frosts, temperature fluctuationsNorthern, Ural, Siberian, Far Eastern
Heat / drought toleranceHigh summer temperatures, moisture deficitNorth Caucasus, Lower Volga
Resistance to TMVProtected ground, regions with virus spreadAll regions, especially for greenhouses
Resistance to verticillium / fusariumHeavy soils, rotation with solanaceous crops, southern regionsAll regions

When choosing a variety, always assess the risks of your specific plot. If you live in the south, drought tolerance is more important. If in Siberia – cold tolerance. If you have a greenhouse and have already faced viral diseases – look for TMV resistance. Use the information from the State Register as a reliable starting point, but remember that even a resistant variety requires proper agricultural practices – crop rotation, tool disinfection, and correct watering.

5.7. By Intended Use

Choosing a variety by intended use is the final and perhaps the most practical stage of planting planning. How you plan to use the pepper – fresh, preserved, dried, or stuffed – determines which varieties you should choose. In the State Register, this information is often present in the description and also follows indirectly from the characteristics of shape, size, and wall thickness.

Salad Varieties

These are varieties with large, fleshy, thick‑walled fruits that are ideal for fresh consumption, slicing in salads, and stuffing. Their main advantage is excellent flavour, juiciness, and aroma. Such peppers often have bright colouration and attractive marketable appearance.

Examples of salad varieties:

  • AVANGARD (2003) – mid‑season variety with prism‑shaped fruits up to 450 g, wall thickness 6–7 mm. Excellent flavour, fleshiness.
  • BOTSMAN (2003) – mid‑season variety for film covers. Cuboid fruits weighing 380–500 g, wall thickness 7–8 mm. Very fleshy, good for stuffing.
  • BIG BOY (2012) – early‑ripening variety with cylindrical fruits weighing 260–280 g, wall thickness 7.5–8 mm. Excellent flavour.
  • KRASNAYA SHAPOCHKA (2013) – early‑ripening variety with cuboid fruits weighing 200–245 g, wall thickness 7 mm. Excellent flavour, fleshy.
  • TOLSTYY BARON (2007) – early‑ripening variety with prism‑shaped fruits weighing 106–167 g, wall thickness 7–10 mm. Very sweet, with strong aroma.
  • BARIN (2002) – mid‑early variety for protected ground with cuboid fruits of wall thickness 9–10 mm. High yield and fleshiness.
  • AFRODITA (2013) – early‑ripening variety with dark yellow prism‑shaped fruits weighing 170–210 g, wall thickness 10 mm. Excellent flavour.

Tip: for salads, choose varieties with wall thickness from 6 mm and weight from 150 g. Look for the note "excellent flavour" in the description.

Varieties for Canning and Processing

This group combines varieties that are good in preserves: whole‑fruit pickling, lecho, freezing, sauces. For whole‑fruit pickling, small and medium fruits with thin or medium walls that pack tightly into jars and heat through quickly are best. For lecho and freezing, any fruits are suitable, but thick‑walled ones are especially convenient as they provide a lot of flesh.

Examples of varieties for canning and processing:

  • LASTOCHKA (1974) – mid‑early variety with conical fruits weighing 53–84 g, wall thickness 5–7 mm. Universal, also good for pickling.
  • PODAROK MOLDOVY (1973) – classic for whole‑fruit pickling, fruits up to 70 g, wall thickness 4–5 mm.
  • BELOZERKA (1992) – excellent for pickling due to dense, uniform medium‑sized fruits.
  • KAPIYA (2010) – mid‑season variety with conical fruits about 60 g, wall thickness 4 mm. Ideal for whole‑fruit pickling and drying.
  • AKVARELL (2004) – early‑ripening variety with small fruits (20–30 g) and thin wall (2–2.5 mm). Specially bred for whole‑fruit pickling.
  • LISICHKA F1 (2002) – early‑ripening hybrid with small fruits (25–45 g) of original shape. Looks great in assorted preserves.
  • VESYOLYY GNOM (2009) – early‑ripening variety with fruits about 20 g. Abundant fruiting, ideal for pickling in small jars.
  • MOLNIYA BELAYA (2008) – mid‑season variety with narrow‑conical fruits weighing 60 g, wall thickness 4 mm. Recommended for pickling.
  • BUKET VOSTOKA F1 (2006) – early‑ripening hybrid with semi‑sharp taste, fruits 50–60 g, wall thickness 4 mm. For pickling and spicy snacks.

Tip: for whole‑fruit pickling, choose varieties with fruits up to 60–70 g and wall thickness up to 5 mm. For lecho and freezing – thick‑walled varieties with weight from 150 g.

Universal Varieties

These are varieties that combine good flavour, acceptable wall thickness, and medium fruit size, making them suitable for both fresh consumption and any type of processing. They are the most flexible and suit most gardeners.

Examples of universal varieties:

  • AGAPOVSKIY (1995) – early‑ripening variety for protected ground. Prism‑shaped fruits weighing 114–120 g, wall thickness 5–7 mm. Taste good, strong aroma. Suitable for both salads and lecho.
  • AKKORD (2003) – early‑ripening variety, conical fruits weighing 160–190 g, wall thickness 6–7 mm. Good both fresh and in preserves.
  • VOLOVYE UKHO (2007) – mid‑season variety, conical fruits weighing 170–200 g, wall thickness 6.7 mm. Excellent flavour, resistant to fusarium.
  • BOGATYR (1996) – mid‑season variety with conical fruits weighing 75–100 g, wall thickness 5–6 mm. Stable and reliable, good for all purposes.
  • ZVEZDA VOSTOKA F1 (2007) – early‑ripening hybrid, cuboid fruits weighing 130–160 g, wall thickness 8–9 mm. Suitable for salads and stuffing.
  • GYPSY F1 (2007) – early‑ripening hybrid, cylindrical fruits weighing 100–120 g, wall thickness 6–7 mm. Resistant to TMV, good both fresh and in preserves.
  • KUPETS (2001) – early‑ripening variety with cylindrical fruits weighing 62–90 g, wall thickness 4–5 mm. Stable yield, good marketability.

Tip: if you don't know which variety to choose, go for universal ones – they rarely disappoint and allow you to use the harvest as needed.

Quick Guide to Intended Use

PurposeFruit characteristicsExamples of varieties
SaladLarge (200+ g), thick‑walled (6+ mm), excellent flavourAVANGARD, BOTSMAN, BARIN, TOLSTYY BARON, KRASNAYA SHAPOCHKA
Whole‑fruit picklingSmall (up to 70 g), thin‑ or medium‑walled (2–5 mm), uniformAKVARELL, KAPIYA, PODAROK MOLDOVY, VESYOLYY GNOM
Lecho, freezingMedium and large, fleshy, wall not less than 5 mmLASTOCHKA, VOLOVYE UKHO, BOGATYR, AGAPOVSKIY
Drying for paprikaThin‑walled (up to 3 mm), small, with dense skinMALYSH, UDALETS, KASKAD
UniversalMedium size (80–200 g), wall 4–7 mm, good flavourAKKORD, GYPSY F1, KUPETS, ZVEZDA VOSTOKA F1

5.8. Special Category: "Folk Classics" and New Varieties

In the long history of sweet pepper breeding, there are varieties that have become true legends. They have stood the test of time, remain in the State Register for decades, and continue to enjoy unwavering love from gardeners. Opposing them are modern novelties – hybrids and varieties of recent years that offer improved characteristics. Let us consider both groups.

Long‑Lived Varieties ("Folk Classics")

These varieties were created back in Soviet times and have been tested in a wide range of conditions. Their main advantage is reliability, unpretentiousness, and stable yield. They serve as a baseline for comparison and a benchmark for many gardeners.

  • PODAROK MOLDOVY (1973) – the oldest variety in the register. Standard plant 35–45 cm tall, conical fruits weighing 53–70 g. Unpretentious, resistant to fusarium, good for canning. Still one of the most popular varieties in the country.
  • LASTOCHKA (1974) – mid‑early variety with uniform ripening. Conical fruits weighing 53–84 g, wall thickness 5–7 mm. Valued for uniformity and excellent taste.
  • VIKTORIYA (1979) – early‑ripening variety, conical fruits weighing about 76 g. Good for fresh consumption and canning.
  • RUBINOVYY (1980) – mid‑season variety with round‑flattened fruits weighing 113–166 g, wall thickness 7.6–10 mm. Very fleshy, ideal for stuffing.
  • VINNI PUKH (1981) – early‑ripening, compact (25–30 cm), ideal for greenhouses and window sills. Conical fruits weighing about 48 g, very early.
  • KOLOBOK (1983) – early‑ripening variety with round fruits weighing 102–167 g, wall thickness 6.3–10 mm. Very fleshy, excellent flavour.
  • ZDOROVYE (1986) – classic greenhouse variety, valued for stable yield and disease resistance. Prism‑shaped fruits up to 100 g.
  • NEZHNOST (1986) – another greenhouse "veteran", conical fruits, tender, good taste.
  • TOPOLIN (1989) – early‑ripening variety for open ground, conical fruits weighing 44–88 g. Good for table use and canning.

Why do they remain popular? These varieties do not require complex care, tolerate weather vagaries well, and give a guaranteed harvest even in unfavourable years. Their seeds can be collected independently, which is especially important for gardeners who prefer to save money.

Promising New Varieties of Recent Years

Modern breeding does not stand still. In recent years, many new varieties and hybrids have entered the State Register, surpassing the classics in yield, fruit uniformity, disease resistance, and adaptability. Especially many novelties are among F1 hybrids.

Recent hybrids (2020–2023):

  • PILOT F1 (2023) – early‑ripening hybrid for protected ground. Conical fruits weighing 176 g, wall thickness 6–7 mm. Excellent gloss, perfect shape. Yield 5.9 kg/m².
  • KLER F1 (2024) – mid‑season hybrid, recommended for the North Caucasus region and protected ground. Cuboid fruits weighing 210–230 g, wall thickness 7–8 mm. Flavour score 5 points.
  • MAZHOR F1 (2024) – early‑ripening hybrid for protected ground. Narrow‑conical fruits weighing 128 g, wall thickness 4–6 mm. Score 4.7 points.
  • PROTEY F1 (2024) – early‑ripening hybrid for protected ground. Prism‑shaped fruits weighing 155 g, wall thickness 3–4 mm. Score 5 points.
  • FLAGMAN F1 (2024) – early‑ripening hybrid for protected ground. Prism‑shaped fruits weighing 265 g, wall thickness 7–8 mm. Score 4.8 points.
  • URALSKIY SAMOTSVET F1 (2024) – mid‑season hybrid for open ground (Ural region). Prism‑shaped fruits weighing 160 g, wall thickness 8 mm. Original colour: dark purple at technical ripeness, yellow with spots at biological ripeness. Score 5 points.
  • SOYUZ F1 (2023) – mid‑early hybrid for protected ground. Conical fruits weighing 136 g, wall thickness 7–8 mm. Excellent flavour.
  • BUBENTSY ZOLOTYE (2024) – variety for protected ground, cuboid fruits weighing 35 g, wall thickness 3–4 mm. Decorative, for whole‑fruit pickling.
  • TURMALIN F1 (2023) – mid‑season hybrid for the Central region, cuboid fruits weighing 180 g, wall thickness 7–8 mm.

Features of novelties:

  • Most novelties are F1 hybrids, created for maximum output in greenhouses and southern regions.
  • Many hybrids have high flavour scores (4.8–5 points).
  • Small‑fruited hybrids for decorative gardening and whole‑fruit pickling are actively appearing.
  • New varieties are more often created for specific regions (e.g., Uralskiy Samotsvet F1 – for the Urals).

Practical tip: do not completely abandon the classics – they are reliable and inexpensive. But if you want to get the maximum yield of excellent quality and are ready to invest in seeds and care, be sure to try modern hybrids. The optimal strategy for most gardeners: plant 1–2 proven classic varieties and 1–2 novelties to evaluate their potential in your conditions.

6. Brief Recommendations for Choosing a Variety Depending on Goals and Conditions

Choosing a sweet pepper variety is always a compromise between the desired and the possible. To avoid mistakes, consistently answer a few simple questions: where will you grow it, how long is your summer, what do you want to use the harvest for, and how much time are you willing to devote to care. Below we have assembled selection algorithms for a variety of situations.

6.1. Choice by Region and Climate

For regions with short and cool summers (Northern, North‑Western, Ural, Siberian, Far Eastern)

Here speed is the main factor. Choose only early and very early varieties that have time to ripen before the cold weather arrives.

  • Required characteristics: early or very early ripening, cold tolerance, resistance to temperature fluctuations.
  • Recommended varieties: VINNI PUKH, VESPER, KARLIK, BELOSNEZHKA, IVOLGA, SIBIRSKIY KNYAZ, MOROZKO, BABUSHKIN SEKRET.
  • Tip: prefer standard, compact forms – they warm up faster and suffer less from wind. Grow seedlings at the optimal time and use temporary covers at the beginning of the season.

For regions with temperate climates (Central, Volga‑Vyatka, Central Black Earth)

Here the choice is wider. You can combine early varieties for extra‑early produce and mid‑early ones for the main harvest.

  • Required characteristics: early or mid‑early ripening, good adaptability.
  • Recommended varieties: LASTOCHKA, AKKORD, AGAPOVSKIY, GYPSY F1, KUPETS, ZDOROVYE (for greenhouses).
  • Tip: plant peppers in open ground only after the threat of frost has passed. For protection, use film covers in May – early June.

For southern regions (North Caucasus, Lower Volga)

Here conditions are most favourable. You can grow any varieties, including late‑ripening and large‑fruited.

  • Required characteristics: heat tolerance, drought tolerance, resistance to fusarium and verticillium.
  • Recommended varieties: BOGATYR, KALIFORNIYSKOYE CHUDO, PODAROK MOLDOVY, CLAUDIO F1, POMPEO F1, PALERMO F1 (for greenhouses).
  • Tip: use drip irrigation and mulching to retain moisture. To extend fruiting, choose varieties with different ripening times.

6.2. Choice by Growing Method

For open ground

  • Key criteria: cold tolerance, compact bush, resistance to wind and temperature fluctuations, early and mid‑early terms.
  • Recommended varieties: LASTOCHKA, PODAROK MOLDOVY, BELOZERKA, KUPETS, BOYARIN, VOZHD KRASNOKOZHKH, TOLSTYY BARON.
  • Important: choose zoned varieties – they have been tested specifically in your region.

For greenhouses and film covers

  • Key criteria: potentially high yield, disease resistance (especially TMV), ability to shape and stake, often indeterminate or semi‑determinate growth type.
  • Recommended varieties: BARIN, ZDOROVYE, NEZHNOST, PALERMO F1, PILOT F1, FLAGMAN F1, MARANELLO F1.
  • Important: in greenhouses, you can also grow late‑ripening varieties because the growing season is longer there.

Universal varieties for any conditions

  • Key criteria: plasticity, stress resistance, stable yield.
  • Recommended varieties: AKKORD, VOLOVYE UKHO, GYPSY F1, ZVEZDA VOSTOKA F1, KUPETS.

6.3. Choice by Intended Use

For fresh consumption and salads

Choose large, thick‑walled varieties with excellent flavour and bright colour.

  • Recommended varieties: AVANGARD, BOTSMAN, BARIN, TOLSTYY BARON, KRASNAYA SHAPOCHKA, AFRODITA, BIG BOY.
  • Tip: red varieties contain a lot of lycopene, yellow and orange ones – beta‑carotene. Plant multi‑coloured varieties for beautiful and healthy salads.

For stuffing

Cuboid and prism‑shaped fruits with a flat bottom and thick walls are ideal.

  • Recommended varieties: BOTSMAN, AVANGARD, KALIFORNIYSKOYE CHUDO, PARTNYOR F1, IGROK, TSAREVICH.
  • Tip: fruits should be large enough (from 150 g) and fleshy. Cuboid shape allows stuffing without losing shape.

For whole‑fruit pickling and marinating

Choose small or medium fruits with thin or medium walls that pack tightly into jars.

  • Recommended varieties: AKVARELL, KAPIYA, PODAROK MOLDOVY, VESYOLYY GNOM, LISICHKA F1, MOLNIYA BELAYA.
  • Tip: pay attention to the colour at technical ripeness – fruits at the technical ripeness stage are often used for pickling, as they are firmer.

For lecho, freezing, and processing

Any variety with fleshy walls will do, but medium‑sized universal forms are especially convenient.

  • Recommended varieties: LASTOCHKA, VOLOVYE UKHO, BOGATYR, AGAPOVSKIY, AKKORD, GYPSY F1.
  • Tip: for freezing, fruits with a wall thickness of at least 5 mm are best – they retain their shape and juiciness after thawing.

For drying and making paprika

You need thin‑walled, small fruits with dense skin that dry quickly.

  • Recommended varieties: MALYSH, UDALETS, KASKAD, KAPIYA, EZHIK.
  • Tip: such varieties often have a spicier, richer flavour when dried. Harvest them at biological ripeness for maximum vitamin content.

6.4. Quick Checklist: Which Variety to Choose?

Your taskSelection criteriaRecommended varieties
Earliest harvest in open groundVery early, cold‑tolerantVINNI PUKH, KARLIK, DOBRYAK, VESPER
Harvest for saleUniform fruits, simultaneous ripening, keeping qualityLASTOCHKA, KALIFORNIYSKOYE CHUDO, CLAUDIO F1
For greenhouse in the middle zoneProductive, disease‑resistantBARIN, ZDOROVYE, PALERMO F1, PILOT F1
For Siberia and Urals (open ground)Early, cold‑tolerant, low‑growingMOROZKO, SIBIRSKIY KNYAZ, SIBIRYAK F1, SIBIRSKIY BONUS
For the south (open ground)Heat‑tolerant, drought‑tolerantBOGATYR, CLAUDIO F1, POMPEO F1, GERKULES F1
Beautiful multi‑coloured peppersDifferent fruit coloursZVEZDA VOSTOKA F1 (series), CHERNOBROVKA, KORICHNEVYY KUB
Minimum hassle (no pruning)Standard, compactVINNI PUKH, EROSHKA, ALESHA POPOVICH
Largest and fleshiestThick‑walled, large‑fruitedBOTSMAN, AVANGARD, PARTNYOR F1, GRENADER F1

Final Advice

Do not limit yourself to one variety. Practice shows that the optimal strategy for an amateur gardener is a combination of 3–5 varieties:

1. One very early – for a guaranteed harvest and for fresh consumption at the beginning of the season.

2. 1–2 proven mid‑early universal – for the main harvest and preserves.

3. One large‑fruited or unusual – for pleasure, experiments, or special culinary purposes.

And be sure to plant at least one new variety each season to find the best options for your plot and your taste. With experience, you will build your ideal collection that will delight you with harvest year after year.

References

  1. Министерство сельского хозяйства Российской Федерации [Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation] (2024). Государственный реестр сортов и гибридов сельскохозяйственных растений, допущенных к использованию [State Register of Varieties and Hybrids of Agricultural Plants Admitted for Usage (National List)]. ФГБНУ «Росинформагротех» [FGBNU «Rosinformagrotech»]. Available at: https://gossortrf.ru/. (Accessed: August 19, 2026).
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