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Japanese millet
Paisa, or Japanese millet, is a forage crop related to annual cereal (bluegrass) grasses.
Source: commons.wikimedia.org©James Schnable (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses
- Annual leguminous grasses
- Annual cereal grasses
- Sudan grass
- Foxtail millet
- Annual ryegrass
- Japanese millet (Русская версия)
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- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses
- Annual leguminous grasses
- Annual cereal grasses
- Sudan grass
- Foxtail millet
- Annual ryegrass
- Japanese millet (Русская версия)
Economic importance
Japanese millet is grown for green fodder and for fodder for the winter. It is well eaten fresh and canned.
The composition of the dry matter of Japanese millet in the phase of complete heading: protein 12.2%; fat 1.3%; fiber 36.6%; nitrogen-free extractives 39.3%, including sugars 8.0%. The composition of the dry matter of fodder millet: protein 8.9%; fat 1.4%; fiber 33.9%, nitrogen-free extractives 44.0%.
100 kg of dry mass of Japanese millet contains 61.3 feed units, fodder millet 44.8 feed units. 1 feed unit of green mass contains 158 g of digestible protein, hay – 145 g.
Japanese millet grain serves as a good food for birds, in crushed or ground form – for all animals.
Cultural history
Japanese millet has long been grown as a grain and fodder crop in Asian countries: India, China, Japan and others.
It appeared in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories. Later it began to be cultivated in the European part of Russia, but it is not widely used.
Yield
According to the results of the experiments of the All-Russian Research Institute of leguminous and cereal crops (Oryol region), the yield of green mass of paisa on average for 1989-1992. amounted to 62.3 t/ha, fodder millet – 38.9 t/ha.
Botanical description
Paisa, or Japanese millet (Echinochloa frumentacea L.).
The root system is fibrous, developed, penetrates the soil to a depth of 1.5 m.
The stem is erect, rounded flat, branched, well leafy, 50-200 cm high. Bushiness 4-20, depends on weather conditions and soil fertility.
The leaves are linear-lanceolate in shape, hairless, sharply rough along the edges.
Inflorescence – panicle of various shapes with a trihedral stem, length 10-50 cm. Spikelets are small, contain 2 flowers on short stalks, green or with an anthocyanin shade, turn brown after ripening.
The fruit is a small spherical or oval caryopsis, the color varies from white to black. Weight 1000 – seeds 2-4 g.
Biological features
Japanese millet is a thermophilic culture. Seeds begin to germinate at a soil temperature of 10-12 °C. Minor frosts are detrimental to seedlings. The optimum temperature for growth and development is 18-25 °C.
Moisture-loving plant. To obtain high yields, the annual rainfall must be at least 500 mm or cultivated under irrigation.
Vegetation
According to the biological characteristics of growth and development, Japanese millet is similar to other millet crops.
In the first half of the growing season it grows slowly. With enough moisture and heat, it branches well, new stems are formed from the axils of the leaves, usually with productive panicles. The maximum foliage falls on the phases of full heading and the beginning of flowering.
The vegetative period from sowing to heading lasts 75-80 days, until the seeds ripen 110-125 days.
Crop rotation
Winter and leguminous crops, sugar beets and potatoes are considered good predecessors in the crop rotation for paisa.
Fertilizer
Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied for peeling or plowing, the recommended application rate is P60K60.
It is better to apply ammoniacal forms of nitrogen fertilizers under ploughing in the norm N45-60, nitrate forms – under the first cultivation in the spring.
Tillage
The main and pre-sowing tillage is similar to that for other millet crops. The main tasks are the maximum destruction of weeds, the preservation and accumulation of moisture.
After harvesting the predecessor, peeling is carried out with disc tools to a depth of 8-10 cm to provoke weeds. When their shoots appear, plowing is carried out to a depth of 22-25 cm.
Since paisa is a small-seeded crop, careful pre-sowing soil preparation is necessary, as well as for millet.
Sowing
Japanese millet is sown at the same time as millet or Sudanese grass, that is, when the soil warms up at a depth of 10 cm to 10-12 °C. In the forest-steppe zone, this period usually falls on the middle of May, after the mass germination of millet-like weeds, in the steppe zone earlier.
The method of sowing for fodder is the usual ordinary, the seeding rate is 3.5-4.0 million units/ha, or 12-13 kg/ha. The depth of sowing seeds is 3-5 cm.
After sowing, the soil is rolled with ring-spur rollers.
Crop care
A characteristic malicious weed in Japanese millet crops is chicken millet (common barnyard grass). It is very similar to paisa, it differs in the anthocyanin color of the basal rosette of leaves at the beginning of the growing season (it is absent in paisa).
Against annual weeds, pre-emergence harrowing is carried out with light harrows 4-5 days after sowing across the direction of the rows or diagonally. Japanese millet seedlings appear in 10-12 days.
Permitted preparations can be used against weeds, while when passing the machine on floors, a double dose of herbicide should not be obtained, as this leads to severe inhibition of plants.
Harvest
To harvest paisa for food, they start in the phase of panicle sprouting – the beginning of flowering, that is, 75-80 days after sowing. The best quality forage mass is obtained when harvesting during the period from the phase of full heading to flowering. Plants remain green until fully ripe, but forage quality is greatly reduced. For example, the content of crude protein at the beginning of heading is 11.4%, during the flowering period – 12.2%, and when the seeds ripen – 8.8%.
For green fodder and silage, the mass is mowed by silo combines, for hay and haylage – by hay mowers and reapers.
Growing for seeds
To obtain paisa seeds, sowing is carried out using a wide-row method with a row spacing of 45-60 cm, a seeding rate of 1.5-2.0 million pcs/ha, or 6-7 kg/ha, using vegetable seeders СО-4.2 or СКОН-4.2.
In the tillering phase, inter-row cultivation is carried out with cultivators with razor paws or milling paws (КФ-5.4). Covering plants with earth during processing is not allowed.
Harvesting for seeds is started when 2/3 of the seeds in the panicle are fully ripe. Mowing into rolls is carried out with conventional headers, it is recommended to reduce the width of the harvester for better drying of the mass. As the rolls dry up, the rolls are threshed at a reduced speed and the primary cleaning of the seeds is immediately done. After harvesting, the seeds are dried and sorted.
Sources
Crop production / P.P. Vavilov, V.V. Gritsenko, V.S. Kuznetsov and others; Ed. P.P. Vavilov. – 5th ed., revised. and additional – M.: Agropromizdat, 1986. – 512 p.: ill. – (Textbook and textbooks for higher educational institutions).
V.V. Kolomeichenko. Crop production / Textbook. — M.: Agrobusinesscenter, 2007. — 600 p. ISBN 978-5-902792-11-6.
Fundamentals of agricultural production technology. Agriculture and crop production. Ed. V.S. Niklyaev. – M .: “Epic”, 2000. – 555 p.
Annual ryegrass
Annual ryegrass, or annual chaff (Lolium multiflorum), is a fodder crop related to annual cereal (bluegrass) grasses.
- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses
- Annual leguminous grasses
- Annual cereal grasses
- Sudan grass
- Foxtail millet
- Annual ryegrass (Русская версия)
Navigation
- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses
- Annual leguminous grasses
- Annual cereal grasses
- Sudan grass
- Foxtail millet
- Annual ryegrass (Русская версия)
Economic importance
Annual ryegrass is grown in a mixture with annual legumes for green fodder and for fodder for the winter. When laying cultivated pastures, it serves as a cover crop.
Hay and green mass of annual ryegrass are well eaten by all kinds of animals. By the beginning of flowering, the protein content is 16.7%. In the year of sowing, it gives a good fodder mass.
The chemical composition of the dry mass of annual ryegrass: protein 17.4%; fiber 23.2%; sugar 13.3%. The chemical composition of the mixture of ryegrass, oats and vetch: protein 20.2%, fiber 23.4%, sugar 9.8%.
100 kg of green mass contains 19.1 feed units and 1.7 kg of digestible
protein. 100 kg of hay – 57.0 feed units and 4.9 kg of digestible protein.
It is used for landscaping lawns and sports grounds, as it is able to quickly form a turf mass. It is characterized by high tillering, a long period of shoot formation, the ability of
vegetative propagation and good aftertaste. With sufficient moisture, shoot formation occurs throughout the growing season – from tillering to ripening.
The root system of annual ryegrass contributes to the formation of a finely cloddy soil structure.
Cultural history
Annual ryegrass is obtained in Holland from perennial ryegrass many-flowered, which is short-lived.
It has long been cultivated in the countries of Western Europe and North America as an early-ripening fodder cereal.
In Russia, it has not yet become widespread, it is considered a promising fodder crop for intensive farming for the forest and forest-steppe zones.
Cultivation areas
Thanks to a very short vegetation period (60-90 days) it can be cultivated up to the Kola Peninsula.
Main areas of cultivation: Non-chernozem zone, Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, Far East.
Yield
The yield of hay for 2-3 cuttings can reach 6-8 t/ha, green mass – 20-25 t/ha, seeds – 500-1000 kg/ha.
Botanical description
Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. var. westervoldicum Wittm.) is an annual plant of the bluegrass family.
The root system is fibrous, well developed, located mainly in the arable layer of the soil.
The stem is thin, straight or curved, 50-60 cm high, sometimes 90 cm high, well leafy.
The leaves are linear, shiny on the underside, slightly rough on the top.
The inflorescence is a loose spike, 15-18 cm long, has 12-25 spikelets. Unlike wheatgrass, spikelets are located with a narrow side to the spike rod.
The fruit is an elongated, lanceolate, hairless caryopsis, gray, light gray or brown. Weight of 1000 seeds 1.8-3.2 g.
Biological features
Cold resistance is high, undemanding to heat. Seeds germinate at a temperature of 1-4 °C, seedlings appear at 8-9 °C. The optimum temperature for germination is 20-25 °C. Seedlings withstand frosts of -2…-3 °С.
Annual ryegrass is a moisture-loving plant. Does not tolerate drought well. With a lack of moisture, bushiness, plant height and yield decrease.
Long day culture.
It grows well on various soils: clay, loamy, sandy loam, drained peatlands, moist lands. It can also grow on carbonate chernozem and acid podzolic soils. Well cultivated soils are optimal.
Vegetation
An annual ryegrass germinates, giving one germinal root.
The tillering begins in the phase of 3-4 leaves. With a continuous sowing method, tillering is 3-6 stems per plant, with a sparse standing – up to 200 stems. Shoot formation continues throughout the growing season, which makes it possible to receive several cuts during the growing season.
Annual ryegrass quickly forms an above-ground mass, belongs to early-ripening cereals.
Flowering occurs after 35-60 days from emergence. The vegetation period is 60-90 days.
In the north, it allows you to get 1-2 cuttings, at the latitude of Moscow and to the south – 3 cuttings during the year. The first mowing is carried out 35-50 days after germination. Usually 30-35 days pass between the first and second cuts, 45-50 days between the second and third.
Crop rotation
Annual ryegrass is cultivated in fodder and field crop rotations. Under it allocate fields intended for sowing annual grasses.
Winter and spring cereals, leguminous and tilled crops are considered good predecessors .
Serves as a good predecessor for cereals and row crops.
Annual ryegrass gives good results in mixed crops with annual legumes, while hay yield increases by 1.5-2.0 t/ha, and protein yield by 100 kg/ha (All-Russian Research Institute of Fodder).
Fertilizer
It responds well to the application of nitrogen fertilizers, while the yield of green mass increases by 1.5-2 times.
Based on experimental data, the following fertilizer application rates are recommended for annual ryegrass: nitrogen – 100-150 kg/ha, phosphorus – 200-300 kg/ha, potash – 100 kg/ha, or N30-45P30-45K30-45. Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied in autumn under autumn plowing, nitrogen fertilizers – in spring before cultivation.
After the first mowing, top dressing is carried out at 100-150 kg/ha with nitrogen fertilizers.
Tillage
Soil cultivation is carried out similarly to cultivation for crops of early sowing time (early spring crops).
Sowing
The seeding rate for pure seeds is 20-30 kg/ha, in grass mixtures 10-14 kg/ha, for seeds with a wide-row method – 10-14 kg/ha.
Embedding depth – up to 2-3 cm.
The sowing date is the earliest, usually at the same time as early spring crops.
Sowing methods for forage – ordinary ordinary, for seeds – wide-row with row spacing of 45-60 cm.
The seeding rate in grass mixtures is 100-120 kg/ha of spring vetch or 120-150 kg/ha of lathyrus, or the same seeding rate of alkaloid-free yellow lupine seeds. The timing of sowing grass mixtures is determined by the optimal timing of sowing legumes. Sometimes overseeding is carried out under the cover of a vetch-oat mixture or used as a cover crop when sowing perennial grasses. In the latter case, the seeding rate is 15-18 kg/ha.
Annual ryegrass can also be sown under fiber flax . After pulling the flax, it gives a good herbage, which makes it possible to use the flax for spreading straw.
With seed culture, sowing is carried out in its pure form.
Harvest
Harvesting for hay begins during the earing period – the beginning of flowering.
For seeds, harvesting begins when the seeds reach full ripeness on the central stem. Seeds fall off easily, so separate harvesting is recommended.
Sources
Crop production / P.P. Vavilov, V.V. Gritsenko, V.S. Kuznetsov and others; Ed. P.P. Vavilov. – 5th ed., revised. and additional – M.: Agropromizdat, 1986. – 512 p.: ill. – (Textbook and textbooks for higher educational institutions).
V.V. Kolomeichenko. Crop production / Textbook. — M.: Agrobusinesscenter, 2007. — 600 p. ISBN 978-5-902792-11-6.
Fundamentals of agricultural production technology. Agriculture and crop production. Ed. V.S. Niklyaev. – M .: “Epic”, 2000. – 555 p.
Mohar
Mohar (also mogar) – Setaria italica – is a fodder crop related to annual cereal (bluegrass) grasses.
Source: commons.wikimedia.org©Dinesh Valke from Thane, India (CC BY-SA 2.0)
- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses
- Annual leguminous grasses
- Annual cereal grasses
- Sudan grass
- Foxtail millet (Русская версия)
Navigation
- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses
- Annual leguminous grasses
- Annual cereal grasses
- Sudan grass
- Foxtail millet (Русская версия)
Economic importance
Mohar is a valuable fodder crop. Its hay contains 7.8% protein, 26.8% fiber, 51.3% nitrogen-free extractives, 6.7% ash substances. The grain contains 14.3% protein. Hay harvested in the tillering phase contains 21.5% protein in dry matter, in the heading phase – 11.1%.
The green mass of the mohar is used in the summer in a mowed form or as annual pastures, as well as for preparing fodder for the winter. It is well eaten by all farm animals.
Unground grain serves as food for birds, in ground form – for all animals.
In the forest-steppe zone, it is cultivated for green fodder and hay. When sowing in the spring, mogar allows you to get one mowing and aftermath, when sowing after mowing – for an autumn pasture.
In terms of hay quality, mohar is not inferior to Sudanese grass.
For fodder purposes, straw and chaff are also used, containing 6.7% protein.
100 kg of mogar grain correspond to 103 feed units and contain 10.3 kg of digestible protein.
Mohar, as a grain crop, can be used to make cereals and alcohol.
Cultural history
Mohar comes from East Asia (China, Mongolia), where it was known 2700 BC.
In Russia, mogars began to grow from the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century.
It does not occur in the wild.
Cultivation areas
The main areas of cultivation are semi-arid and arid steppes of the Lower and Middle Volga regions, the North Caucasus and the Central Black Earth zone.
Due to the biological characteristics of the mogar, it is grown in the east and southeast of Russia (Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East), in Central Asia and the Caucasus.
Yield
In terms of yield, mohar is usually inferior to Sudanese grass. However, in the conditions of the Omsk region, according to the State Commission for Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops, the yield of green mass and mogar hay exceeds the yield of Sudanese grass, since under these conditions the latter lacks heat.
In the conditions of the Volga region on chestnut and light chestnut soils, it is not inferior in terms of hay yield to Sudanese grass. On chernozem soils with sufficient moisture, Sudan grass exceeds mogar in hay yield by 2 times.
On fertile soils with a high level of agricultural technology, the yield of hay reaches 4-6 t/ha, green mass – 20-25 t/ha, grain – 1-1.5 t/ha.
Botanical description
Mohar (Setaria italica mocharium Abf.).
The root system is fibrous, penetrates the soil to a depth of 100-150 cm. Most of the roots are located in the plow horizon of the soil.
The stem is cylindrical, erect, pubescent, the number of internodes, depending on the precocity of the variety, is 4-16. Height 50-200 cm. The stem is prone to branching. Late-ripening varieties are characterized by a greater number of internodes. Bushiness from 2 to 7 stems.
Leaves up to 45-50 cm long, pubescent, dark green, sometimes with anthocyanin coloration. One stem has 15-16 leaves. When mowing at the beginning of heading, the share of leaves is 45-55% of the total yield.
Inflorescence -dense spike-like panicle (sultan), length 6-25 cm, width 1-4 cm. Spikelets are single-flowered, have 3 spikelet scales. Long bristles are located between the spikelets.
The fruit is an ovoid small caryopsis, membranous, densely enclosed in flower films, yellow, straw-yellow, orange or black in color. Weight of 1000 seeds 1.5-4.0 g.
Biological features
Mohar is drought tolerant and less demanding on heat and soil than sudan grass.
Seeds germinate at 10 °C. The optimum temperature for germination is 20 °C.
Due to earlier sowing time, it is more resistant to cold and frost than Sudan grass and millet.
Shoots are very sensitive to the sun and morning frosts.
Light-loving culture of a short day.
Drought tolerance is high. A lack of moisture in the soil can lead to a suspension of growth; plants have only germinal roots. Mogar can remain in this state for a long time, but after rainfall it can give a satisfactory harvest. The total transpiration coefficient is 300. The optimal soil moisture for it is 60-70% of the lowest moisture capacity.
Mohar grows well on sandy, sandy, heavy loamy soils. It grows poorly on waterlogged and waterlogged soils. Chernozems, loamy and sandy chestnut soils are optimally suited.
Plant nutrition
With 1 ton of hay, 17-20 kg N, 4-5 kg P2O5 and 15-17 kg K2O are removed from the soil.
Vegetation
Mohar, as well as other millet species, is sensitive to weed infestation in fields.
17-25 days after the emergence of seedlings, the tillering phase begins.
Intensive accumulation of dry matter and protein is noted in the period from panicle emergence to flowering.
After mowing, it grows back badly.
The duration of the growing season depends on the variety and growing conditions, it is 90-130 days.
Crop rotation
With a high level of agricultural technology and fertilization, mogars can be sown in various fields of crop rotation. It is usually placed in fodder crop rotations in fields set aside for annual crops. With low soil fertility and a lack of fertilizers, the last field of the crop rotation is assigned to this crop.
Optimal predecessors are tilled crops and leguminous crops.
Serves as a good predecessor for row crops and cereals.
Fertilizer
Mohar responds well to the application of nitrogen fertilizers, to a lesser extent – phosphorus ones.
Recommended application rates for mineral fertilizers N30-45P30-45K30-45.
The application of nitrogen fertilizers in the norm N45 helps to increase the hay yield by 0.5 t/ha.
Tillage
Soil tillage is similar to that for millet. It is important that tillage keeps the fields clean of weeds.
Soil preparation includes stubble plowing, autumn plowing, fallow harrowing in early spring, 1-2 pre-sowing cultivations.
Sowing
The sowing rate of mogar seeds for dry steppe regions is 8-12 kg/ha, for the forest-steppe zone – 15 kg/ha, for humid regions with chernozem soils – up to 20 kg/ha.
The sowing method when cultivating for hay is continuous and wide-row, when cultivating for grain – wide-row with row spacing of 45 cm and a seeding rate of 8-12 kg/ha.
Sowing depth 2-5 cm.
Sowing dates – at the same time as millet, corn and Sudanese grass, when the soil warms up to 8-12 °C.
Before and after sowing, the soil is rolled.
Crop care
With a wide-row sowing method, after the emergence of seedlings, loosening of the row spacing is carried out. The last inter-row processing is carried out until the rows close.
Harvest
Mohar harvesting for hay and green fodder is started in the phase of the beginning of the heading of the sultan. Delayed harvesting results in coarse hay with less nutritional value. The mowing height is 7-10 cm, since at a lower height (less than 5 cm) it does not grow back.
Harvesting for seeds begins when the spikelets turn brown and the seeds harden by direct combining or separately, depending on weather conditions. Seeds are cleaned of impurities and dried to a moisture content of 12-14%.
Sources
Crop production / P.P. Vavilov, V.V. Gritsenko, V.S. Kuznetsov and others; Ed. P.P. Vavilov. – 5th ed., revised. and additional – M.: Agropromizdat, 1986. – 512 p.: ill. – (Textbook and textbooks for higher educational institutions).
V.V. Kolomeichenko. Crop production / Textbook. — M.: Agrobusinesscenter, 2007. — 600 p. ISBN 978-5-902792-11-6.
Fundamentals of agricultural production technology. Agriculture and crop production. Ed. V.S. Niklyaev. – M .: “Epic”, 2000. – 555 p.
Sudan grass
Sudan grass is a fodder crop related to annual cereal (bluegrass) grasses.
Other names: Sudanese, Sudanese sorghum, Sorochinsky millet.
Source: commons.wikimedia.org©MarkusHagenlocher (CC BY-SA 3.0)
- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses
- Annual leguminous grasses
- Annual cereal grasses
- Sudan grass (Русская версия)
Navigation
- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses
- Annual leguminous grasses
- Annual cereal grasses
- Sudan grass (Русская версия)
Economic importance
Sudann grass is one of the most important crops used for fodder purposes in the steppe zone of Russia, where it gives the highest yields of hay and green mass compared to other annual fodder crops.
It is used for green fodder, for grazing livestock, forage harvesting for the winter. It is also grown as a subsow crop for winter crops, corn, peas for green fodder, etc. After harvesting the cover crop, it allows an additional 1-3 cuttings, depending on the zone. So, in the green conveyor system in the forest-steppe zone, Sudanese grass is sown in a mixture with corn, while in the first cut, the crop is formed mainly due to corn, and aftermath – due to Sudanese grass. The usual row sowing of this mixture makes it possible to obtain, with natural moisture, up to 35 t/ha of green mass, while sowing only one corn – 18 t/ha. Sowings of a mixture of Sudanese grass with annual leguminous grasses are being introduced.
Sudan Grass withstands grazing well and is resistant to trampling. After mowing and grazing on the vine, it grows well. Under favorable conditions, with natural moisture in the forest-steppe zone, it can produce 2-3 cuttings over the summer, and with irrigation in the steppe zone – 4-5 cuttings.
Also, undersowing of Sudanese grass under the cover of vetch-oat mixture and its post-cutting crops after winter and annual grasses for green fodder give high efficiency.
Sudan grass hay contains 9-10% protein, up to 16% sugars. The content of carotene in the green mass is 65-80 mg/kg. Protein digestibility coefficient – 60.8%, fat – 45.7%, nitrogen-free extractives – 73.4%, fiber – 69.1%. Due to the high content of sugars, it is well eaten by animals. In terms of protein content in green mass and hay, Sudanese grass is superior to other cereal grasses.
100 kg of green mass contains 19.0 feed units and 2.3 kg of digestible protein. 100 kg of hay – 52.0 feed units and 6.5 kg of digestible protein. Depending on the vegetation phase, 1 feed unit contains 110-136 g of digestible protein, which corresponds to zootechnical standards. The nutritional value of the fodder mass can be increased when grown in mixtures with annual legumes.
Sorghum-Sudanese hybrids are characterized by high yield (up to 50-60 t/ha of green mass), high drought resistance and aftertaste. In Moldova, after stubble sowing of sorghum-Sudanka hybrid Rostovsky 3 against the background of nitrogen fertilizers (N60-120), the yield of green mass reached 39.2 t/ha.
Cultural history
It comes from Sudan (Africa), where it grows in natural phytocenoses.
This culture was brought to Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The first experiments on the cultivation of Sudanese grass were carried out in 1914 at the former Yekaterinoslav Experimental Station.
Cultivation areas
It has become widespread in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Russia: in the Kuban, Don, Stavropol, arid regions of the North Caucasus, the Lower and Middle Volga regions, and the Central Black Earth zone. It is also cultivated in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Siberia, the central regions of the Non-Chernozem zone.
Yield
With a high level of agricultural technology, Sudan grass allows you to get 5-10 t/ha of hay, 35-40 t/ha of green mass. On dark chestnut soils during irrigation, it was possible to annually obtain 37.9 t/ha of green mass (Engelssky state farm, Saratov region).
In stubble crops, the yield of green mass during irrigation is 20.5-38.0 t/ha (Volgograd Agricultural Institute). Joint sowings of Sudanese grass and sowing rank yielded an average of 26 t/ha of green mass over 3 years. In the experiments of the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Central Chernozem belt, when sowing Sudanese grass after intermediate winter crops, the average yield of green mass over 3 years was 15.8 t/ha.
Botanical description
Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense stapf) is an annual plant in the bluegrass family.
The root system is fibrous, well developed, penetrating the soil to a depth of 2.5-3 m. In the horizontal direction, the roots go 75 cm. Sometimes aerial, or adventitious, roots 6-8 cm long can form from the lower stem nodes.
The stem is cylindrical, hairless, filled with spongy white parenchyma. The height of the stem is 80-300 cm. The number of internodes on the stem depends on the duration of the growing season of the variety. In early-ripening varieties on the main stem, their number is 3-5, late-ripening – 8-12. The lower stem node is the tillering node.
According to the general bushiness, Sudanese grass is divided into:
- slightly bushy – the number of shoots in the bush is up to 12;
- medium bushy – 12-25 shoots in a bush;
- strongly bushy – more than 25 shoots.
According to the shape of the bush, varieties of Sudanese grass are divided into:
- upright;
- slightly sprawling;
- sprawling;
- reclining;
- recumbent.
The most common varieties with erect and slightly sprawling bushes. In general, varieties with a dense bush are more productive than varieties with a loose bush.
The leaf is large, consists of a sheath and a leaf blade. The plate is broadly linear, 45-60 cm long, 4-4.5 cm wide, glabrous, smooth, slightly rough along the edge. The leaves of the middle tier are the most developed.
Sudanese grass varieties are divided into groups according to leafiness:
- with weak foliage, that is, up to 6 leaves on the main stem and up to 35% of the mass of leaves in the total yield;
- with medium foliage, that is, 6-9 leaves on the main stem 6-9 and 35-50% of the mass of leaves in the total yield;
- with good foliage, i.e. more than 9 leaves on the main stem and more than 50% of the mass of leaves in the total yield.
The inflorescence is a multi-eared panicle, usually 40 cm long. Spikelets are single-flowered. There are strongly sprawling, sprawling, semi-contracted, compact, drooping and sorghum types of panicles. Spikelets are located at the ends of the panicles.
The fruit is a caryopsis tightly seated in glumes. Unlike sorghum , the top of the grain does not protrude. One panicle gives 4-5 g of seeds. Weight of 1000 seeds 10-15 g.
Biological features
Heat requirements
Sudanese grass belongs to heat-loving and heat-resistant crops. Seeds begin to germinate at a temperature of 8-10 °C, the optimum temperature for germination is 20-30 °C.
The sum of active temperatures for full development, depending on the precocity of the variety, ranges from 2200 to 3000 °C.
Frosts at -3…-4 °C are detrimental to seedlings. Intensive growth of stems occurs at an average daily air temperature of more than 10 °C.
Moisture requirements
Sudanese grass is characterized by high drought resistance, which is due to a powerful developed root system and a long growing season, which allows plants to use the rainfall of the second half of summer.
Plants absorb the most moisture from deep soil horizons. This feature must be taken into account when placing it in crop rotation fields. So, sunflower also absorbs a lot of water from deep layers (more than 1 m), so placing these crops one after another on rain-fed lands is not recommended.
Sudanese grass is responsive to irrigation: it significantly increases the yield of green mass and hay.
Does not tolerate excessive moisture.
Light requirements
Light-loving short day plant. With a long daylight hours, development slows down.
In the germination-tillering phase, Sudanese grass tolerates shading well, so it can be used as a subsowing crop.
Soil requirements
To soils, as well as sorghum-Sudanese hybrid, it is not demanding. Chernozem and dark chestnut soils are well suited, less so are light chestnut, sandy and sandy soils. It can withstand slight acidity, does not grow well on saline, waterlogged and overcompacted soils, as well as in areas with close groundwater.
Plant nutrition
For the formation of 1 ton of dry matter, Sudan grass consumes up to 25-30 kg/ha of nitrogen from the soil (therefore, it is very responsive to nitrogen fertilizers), 6-7 kg/ha P2O5 and 15-17 kg K2O.
Vegetation
During the first 5-6 weeks after sowing, Sudan grass develops very slowly, forming 4-5 leaves. Tillering begins with the formation of the fifth leaf. At the end of the tillering phase and in the subsequent phases of vegetation, an intensive daily growth of plants in height of 5-10 cm is noted.
Stem growth stops at the flowering stage. After mowing or grazing, regrowth occurs from shoots developed from tillering nodes, formed from aboveground stem nodes and growing from cut shoots, with a preserved growth point. Thus, after mowing or grazing, three types of shoots grow back, resulting in high afterburner and the possibility of obtaining a large number of cuttings in one year.
Aftermath productivity depends on the cutting height. Since regrowth occurs in three types (from 2 buds of the tillering node, from the axil of the first internode and from the point of growth), then at a low cut (4-5 cm or less), the first internode is beveled and the number of growing shoots is reduced by 20-25% . When mowing above 7 cm, all types of regrowth are preserved and productivity increases in subsequent mowing. Thus, low mowing under production conditions is often the cause of low yields of Sudan grass.
Ejection of the panicle on the main stems occurs after 6-7 weeks from emergence and lasts 2-3 weeks. Flowering begins at the top of the panicle and ends with the last flowers on the lower branches. Flowers open in the morning. Pollination is anemophilous (by wind).
The growing season is 100-120 days.
Crop rotation
Winter cereals, legumes, row crops, corn, perennial grasses are considered good predecessors in crop rotation for Sudanese grass.
When placing crops after Sudanese grass in a crop rotation, it must be taken into account that it greatly dries up the soil and takes out a large amount of readily available nitrogen. Therefore, melons and gourds are placed in the dry steppe zone after it, the root system of which is able to penetrate the soil to a depth of 10 m.
Fertilizer
Sudan grass is responsive to the introduction of rotted manure , which, at an application rate of 18-20 t/ha, provides an increase in hay yield by 23-26%. It also responds to the aftereffect of manure introduced under the predecessor. For example, applying manure at a rate of 36 t/ha two years before sowing Sudanese grass increased the hay yield by 30-32% (Poltava Agricultural Experimental Station).
Nitrogen fertilizers are the most effective . Thus, the introduction of 45 kg/ha of nitrogen increased the hay yield by 1.3 t/ha (former Kharkov Agricultural Experimental Station).
The introduction of 45 kg/ha P2O5 increases the yield of hay by 22.6% (Drabovskoye experimental field).
Potash fertilizers give good results on sandy soils.
The general recommended application rates for mineral fertilizers for Sudanese grass are N45-50P30-45K30-45. Voronezh Agricultural University for the forest-steppe zone recommends applying N30-45P30-45K20-30 to the main fertilizer, when sowing in rows P10 and to top dressing after mowing N20-30P45K20-30.
Row application of phosphate fertilizers is effective. For example, the introduction of 75 kg/ha of granulated superphosphate into the rows during sowing increased the hay yield by 1.4 t/ha (Erastovskoye experimental field).
Tillage
The tillage for Sudan grass is the same as that recommended for millet.
Due to the slow development at the beginning of the growing season, an important requirement for tillage is the purity of the crops. Therefore, soil cultivation for Sudanese grass should include peeling, deep autumn tillage, early spring harrowing, double pre-sowing cultivation, rolling before and after sowing.
Sowing
The seeding rate in dry steppes and semi-deserts is 10-14 kg/ha, in the forest-steppe – up to 25-30 kg/ha with a rainfall of 500-600 mm per year, with wide-row crops – 8-14 kg/ha.
The seeding rate of seeds of sorghum-Sudanese hybrids is 30-35 kg/ha.
Sowing begins when the soil warms up at a depth of 10 cm to 10-12 °C. Too early sowing leads to a belated and sparse emergence of seedlings, the field is overgrown with weeds .
In the green conveyor, Sudanese grass is sown at several times, with an interval of 10-12 days. Sudanese grass is sown in summer sowing.
The method of sowing when cultivating for fodder is continuous (ordinary row), for seeds – wide-row. In conditions of sufficient moisture, the conventional row method can be used for seed cultivation, while in severely dry conditions, the wide-row method (45-60 cm) can be used for fodder cultivation.
The seeding depth is 2-4 cm, on light soils it is increased – up to 4-8 cm. After sowing, the field is rolled.
Harvest
Harvesting for hay begins at the end of the booting phase – the beginning of panicle ejection at a plant height of 50-60 cm (usually occurs 55-65 days after sowing). Early cutting promotes good regrowth and second cutting. Late mowing results in coarse hay.
The second and third cuttings are carried out with an interval of 30 days. According to the Erastov experimental field, this mode of using Sudanese grass for green mass is the most productive. The mowing height is 7-8 cm, since at a lower height the growth of young shoots slows down and the yield decreases.
For silage, mowing is carried out in the phase of milky ripeness of the grain.
Mixed, mowing and stubble crops
Good results are shown by joint crops of Sudan grass and soybeans, especially in the south of Russia, where there is sufficient rainfall or irrigation is used. The yield of green mass when irrigated with a mixture of Sudanese grass and pelushka in the Novosibirsk region reached 41.5 t/ha (Studenovsky state farm).
In the Poltava region of Ukraine, a mixture of Sudan grass with spring vetch or hairy vetch made it possible to double the collection of protein per unit area in comparison with pure crops.
Joint crops of Sudanese grass with lathyrus, peas and alkaloid- free lupine are also used.
The sowing rate of Sudanese grass in joint crops is reduced by 15-20% compared to the sowing rate in its pure form.
In the south, good yields are obtained with the stubble crop of Sudanese grass after harvesting barley, wheat, peas for grain, in the forest-steppe zone – post-cut crops after harvesting winter rye, vetch-oat, lathyrus-oat mixtures for green fodder or hay.
Soil cultivation for stubble crops should be carried out immediately after harvesting the main crop. With sufficient moisture, the soil is plowed to a depth of 20-25 cm with simultaneous harrowing. When the top layer of soil is dry, first plowing is carried out, then deep plowing with harrowing and soil compaction before sowing.
The rate of stubble sowing is increased by 20%.
Growing for seeds
For seed purposes, Sudanese grass is best placed in the tilled field of a field crop rotation.
In arid regions, it is sown for seeds in a wide-row way, the row spacing is 45-50 cm, at the optimum time, vegetable seeders are well suited. Seeding rate 12-15 kg/ra.
Herbicides are used to control weeds. On wide-row crops, 2-3 inter-row treatments are carried out.
Seeds ripen unevenly, usually 100-130 days after sowing. Seed harvesting begins when the main stem panicle matures, when the seeds become hard, by direct combining. With a high stem, first panicles and part of the stems are removed on a high cut, then the remaining mass is mowed with mowing machines. For mowing panicles, the CM-2.6 machine is also used, which removes only panicles of Sudanese grass, sorghum-Sudanese hybrids and sorghum. Seeds are immediately cleaned of impurities and dried.
Separate cleaning is also possible. The method of harvesting depends on weather conditions and infestation of crops.
Sources
Crop production / P.P. Vavilov, V.V. Gritsenko, V.S. Kuznetsov and others; Ed. P.P. Vavilov. – 5th ed., revised. and additional – M.: Agropromizdat, 1986. – 512 p.: ill. – (Textbook and textbooks for higher educational institutions).
V.V. Kolomeichenko. Crop production / Textbook. — M.: Agrobusinesscenter, 2007. — 600 p. ISBN 978-5-902792-11-6.
Fundamentals of agricultural production technology. Agriculture and crop production. Ed. V.S. Niklyaev. – M .: “Epic”, 2000. – 555 p.
Annual clover
Annual clover – a group of annual clover species used as fodder crops, belong to annual legumes.
Annual clovers include species: crimson clover, Persian clover (Shabdar), Alexandrian clover.
Cultivated mainly in the south of Russia and Transcaucasia, but, unlike perennial clover species, they have not received wide distribution in culture.
Source: commons.wikimedia.org©Katrin Schneider / korina.info (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses
- Annual leguminous grasses
- Common vetch
- Hairy vetch
- Field pea
- Ornithopus
- Annual clover (Русская версия)
- Annual leguminous grasses
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- Annual leguminous grasses
- Common vetch
- Hairy vetch
- Field pea
- Ornithopus
- Annual clover (Русская версия)
- Annual leguminous grasses
Crimson clover
Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) is an annual plant.
The root is taproot, has a large number of lateral roots.
Stems are thick, well developed, soft hairy. Plant height 50-60 cm.
The leaves are large.
The inflorescence is a conical head. The corollas of flowers are bright red.
Crimson clover is a warm and moisture-loving culture. Grows well in aerated soils.
In wet spring conditions, it grows and develops rapidly.
Productivity in Transcaucasia and on the irrigated lands of the south of Ukraine reaches 5 t/ha of hay and 300-500 kg/ha of seeds.
Can be used as a green manure, primarily in horticulture.
Sow in the spring, uncovered. Seeding rate when cultivating for green fodder is 30-35 kg/ha, for seeds 20-25 kg/ha. After sowing, it is recommended to roll the field.
Usually get one cut.
Harvesting for seeds is started when the heads are browned by direct combining.
Persian clover
Persian clover, shabdar, (Trifolium resupinatum L.) is an annual plant, spring or winter type of development.
The root system is medium-sized.
Stems slightly branched, ascending. Plant height 20-30 cm, sometimes higher.
The inflorescence is a spherical head. The flowers are pink.
Honey plant.
The growing season lasts 80-135 days. In the conditions of Central Asia, with early sowing, it blooms in June in spring.
When irrigated, it gives 3-4 cuttings. The yield of hay under experimental conditions in Transcaucasia reached 8-10 t/ha, near Tashkent – 6.5-7 t/ha. High quality hay, protein content 17-18%.
Sowing is carried out early. The seeding rate for irrigation is 15 kg/ha. Sowing depth 1-2 cm. In Transcaucasia, autumn sowing is possible in October.
Harvesting for hay begins at the beginning of flowering. For seeds – when browning 70-80% of the heads in a separate way. In the seed culture, shabdar is mowed with hay mowers and the mass is laid in rolls. When dried, the masses are threshed with a combine. Harvesting for seeds by direct combining is also possible.
Persian clover is well suited for stubble crops. In the Ararat Valley, the yield of green mass during stubble sowing was 24 t/ha (Armenian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine).
Alexandrian clover
Alexandrian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) is an annual plant.
The root system is well developed.
The stems are straight, branched, plant height 25-60 cm.
The inflorescence is an oval-conical head. Flowers are yellowish white. Weight of 1000 seeds 2.5-3.0 g.
The growing season lasts 90-120 days.
Sow in autumn or early spring. Seeding rate 15-18 kg/ha. Sowing depth up to 2 cm.
Allows you to get 2-3 cuts. Under experimental conditions, yielded a green mass yield of 12 t/ha. The hay and green mass of the Alexandrian clover is well eaten by all kinds of animals. It grows well in the Transcaucasus and the countries of Central Asia.
Sources
Crop production / P.P. Vavilov, V.V. Gritsenko, V.S. Kuznetsov and others; Ed. P.P. Vavilov. – 5th ed., revised. and additional – M.: Agropromizdat, 1986. – 512 p.: ill. – (Textbook and textbooks for higher educational institutions).
Ornithopus sativus
Ornithopus sativus, or bird’s-foot, (also Seradella) is a forage crop related to annual legumes.
Source: commons.wikimedia.org©Rasbak (CC BY-SA 3.0)
- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses
- Annual leguminous grasses
- Common vetch
- Hairy vetch
- Field pea
- Ornithopus (Русская версия)
- Annual leguminous grasses
Navigation
- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses
- Annual leguminous grasses
- Common vetch
- Hairy vetch
- Field pea
- Ornithopus (Русская версия)
- Annual leguminous grasses
Economic importance
Ornithopus sativus is often called the clover of sandy soils, since, with sufficient moisture, it can produce high yields of green mass and hay on light sandy and sandy loamy soils.
In crop rotations, it serves as an excellent predecessor for cereals and potatoes. Due to the ability to fix nitrogen, it accumulates nitrogen in the soil.
The protein content averages 15.2% of dry weight.
Holds up well to grazing. It grows back quickly after grazing and mowing.
Honey plant.
On poor soils it serves as a good green manure.
Cultivation areas
It is cultivated in the western regions of Russia, the southern and central regions of the Non-Chernozem zone, the Bryansk, Smolensk, Oryol regions, as well as in Belarus and Polissya of Ukraine.
Botanical description
Seradella (Ornitopus sativus Broth.).
The root system is powerful, with well-developed lateral roots. At the beginning of the growing season, the roots deepen to 7.5 cm per day. Penetrate into the soil to a depth of 125 cm. It has a high absorption capacity.
On one plant, 5-16 creeping stems are formed. The stems are thin, soft, branching, 50-70 cm high, do not coarsen until autumn. Coverage is high.
The leaves are imparipinnate, have 6-10 pairs of lanceolate leaflets.
Inflorescence – brush. The flowers are small, pale pink, pink, collected in a brush.
The fruit is a jointed bean, up to 3 cm long. The beans of one inflorescence resemble a bird’s paw, so sometimes Ornithopus sativus is also called a birdleg. The bean has 5-6 small angular, flattened seeds, light brown or greenish in color. The beans break up into segments that are used as seeds.
Biological features
Heat requirements
It is undemanding to heat.
Ornithopus sativus seeds begin to germinate at a temperature of 1-2 °C. Seedlings and adult plants withstand frosts down to -8…-9 °С.
Moisture requirements
Moist culture. Grows well at high relative humidity.
Light requirements
Young plants easily tolerate shading.
Soil requirements
Grows well on light-textured sandy and sandy loamy soils.
Vegetation
In the first 40-45 days, the development of seradella is slow. From the moment of flowering, intensive growth of the stems begins. Flowering in wet weather can continue until late autumn.
Begins to regrow quickly after harvesting the cover crop.
Beans and seeds ripen unevenly 105-110 days after sowing. Often, the bottom beans are ripening while the top of the stem is just beginning to bloom.
Agrotechnology
Ornithopus sativus is cultivated as a fallow crop, or sown under winter or spring crops.
Fertilizer
Responsive to the introduction of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, as well as boron microfertilizers.
On sandy soils, the introduction of potash fertilizers increases the yield of hay by 24-34%, together with phosphorus – by 53%.
Sowing
Usually sown in the spring under the cover of winter or spring crops or stubble.
The seeding rate when grown for hay or green fodder is 40-60 kg/ha.
Sowing dates, especially for obtaining seeds, are the earliest.
The sowing method for fodder use is ordinary.
Planting depth 2-3 cm.
Before sowing, treatment with bacterial preparations is recommended.
Harvest
Harvesting for hay is started in the full flowering phase, when green beans are formed on the lower tiers of plants.
Growing for seeds
The seeding rate when grown for seeds is 10-15 kg/ha (according to other recommendations, 20-30 kg/ha). The method of sowing is wide-row with row spacing of 25-30 cm. On fields clear of weeds, it can be sown in the usual row way.
The harvesting of the testicles is started when the lower beans are browned. By this time, the beans of the middle tiers have time to pour well and do not shine through in the light. Mowing is carried out with a mowing machine in the morning or evening hours to reduce seed losses. Delay in harvesting results in shedding of seeds with the best qualities. A delay of 10 days leads to a decrease in yield by 27-30%. The threshing of the mass dried in rolls is carried out by a combine.
Sources
Crop production / P.P. Vavilov, V.V. Gritsenko, V.S. Kuznetsov and others; Ed. P.P. Vavilov. – 5th ed., revised. and additional – M.: Agropromizdat, 1986. – 512 p.: ill. – (Textbook and textbooks for higher educational institutions).
Fundamentals of agricultural production technology. Agriculture and crop production. Ed. V.S. Niklyaev. – M .: “Epic”, 2000. – 555 p.
Field pea
Field pea, or pelyushka, (Pisum arvense) is a forage crop related to annual legumes.
- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses
- Annual leguminous grasses
- Common vetch
- Hairy vetch
- Field pea (Русская версия)
- Annual leguminous grasses
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- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses
- Annual leguminous grasses
- Common vetch
- Hairy vetch
- Field pea (Русская версия)
- Annual leguminous grasses
Economic importance
Field pea is a valuable fodder crop. For fodder purposes, green mass, grain, chaff, straw are used. The green mass is distinguished by good palatability by animals, it is used for harvesting fodder for the winter (hay, haylage, silage).
Green mass contains 23.6% protein in terms of dry weight, hay – 18.5%, seeds – 21.9%. 1 kg of seeds of the variety Falenskaya 40 contains 18.4-18.9 g of lysine, as well as methionine, cystine and tryptophan.
Cultivation areas
As a fodder crop, it is cultivated in the countries of Western Asia and the Mediterranean Sea.
In Russia, field peas are cultivated mainly in the forest-steppe and forest zones of the European part. Due to its precocity, this crop can be grown in the northern regions: Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kirov, where spring vetch does not have time to ripen for seeds. In the Non-Chernozem zone, it is considered the best stubble crop.
Botanical description
Field pea (Pisum arvense L.) is an annual, spring or winter plant. Often ranked as the same species as the common pea.
The root system is pivotal, penetrates into the subsoil.
The stem is thin, green, may have anthocyanin coloration, 50-200 cm long.
The leaves are pinnate with narrow toothed stipules, consisting of 2-3 pairs of leaflets. Most of the stipules are larger than the leaves and are colored red due to the presence of anthocyanin.
Flowers are located in the axils of the leaves, 1-2. Corollas purple-red, dark red, purple or light pink. Self-pollination predominates.
The fruit is a multi-seeded bean. Seeds are round-angular or oval in shape, smooth, usually with slight depressions. Seeds are gray, brown, gray-green, marbled, sometimes black with stripes, speckles or spots. The mass of 1000 seeds of small-seeded varieties is 80-120 g, medium-seeded – 130-160 g, large-seeded – 170-200 g.
Biological features
Heat requirements
Undemanding to heat. Seeds begin to germinate at a temperature of 1-2 °C, uniform seedlings appear at 6-8 °C. Seedlings tolerate frosts down to -6…-7 °C, sometimes up to -13 °C. The optimum temperature for growth and development is 15-18 °C.
Moisture requirements
Field peas are a moisture-loving crop, no less demanding than sowing peas. The greatest water consumption falls on the period from budding to mass flowering.
Light requirements
Long day plant.
Soil requirements
Undemanding to soils. Water-permeable, medium cohesion, non-acidic, non-alkaline and non-waterlogged soils are suitable. Grows on sandy, peaty soils. Do not fit damp and marshy.
Vegetation
The vegetation period when sown on seeds is 85-100 days, on hay or green fodder – 45-55 days.
Flowering of early ripening varieties begins 35-50 days after sowing.
Agrotechnology
It is usually grown as a fallow crop in a busy fallow after grain and tilled crops, in cutting and stubble crops.
It serves as a good precursor for various non-legumes such as cereals and potatoes .
When using field peas as a stubble crop, it is necessary to quickly cultivate the soil after harvesting the main crop and sow the mixture. Stubble crops of pea-oat mixture make it possible to obtain 12.0-16.1 t/ha of green mass (All-Russian Research Institute of Fodder, Turskaya agricultural experimental station). At the Dedinovskaya Experimental Station for floodplain meadow farming, the All-Russian Research Institute of Forage, field peas mixed with oats, sown after harvesting early vegetable crops, made it possible to obtain 22.3 t/ha of green mass. The yield of pea-oat mixture after rye, harvested for silage and green fodder, gave 18.2 t/ha of green mass (Belarusian Research Institute of Farming).
Fertilizer
Before sowing field peas, 30-40 t/ha of manure is applied to the fallow , while the yield of green mass increases to 5 t/ha.
As well as other legumes, it responds well to the application of phosphorus and potash fertilizers. In autumn, phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied at a rate of 60 kg/ha of a.i.
Sowing
The seeding rate when cultivated for green fodder or hay mixed with oats is 220 kg/ha of pelushka seeds, or 1.4 million/ha, and 65-70 kg/ha of oat seeds.
When grown for green fodder, sowing is carried out – in 2-3 terms after 7-20 days. Sowing depth 3-4 cm.
Good results are obtained when sowing field peas with sunflower and annual ryegrass . The seeding rate is 150 kg/ha of pelushka seeds and 20-25 kg/ha of sunflower or 20 kg/ha of ryegrass seeds. The method of sowing is continuous row. The yield of green mass is 13-22% higher than that of the pea-oat mixture (Turk Experimental Station, Belarus).
Harvest
Harvesting for green fodder is started at the beginning of flowering, for hay – 10 days after flowering – the beginning of fruit formation.
Growing for seeds
When grown for seeds in a mixture with oats, the seeding rate is 140-160 kg/ha of pelushka seeds, or 0.8-1.0 million/ha of seeds, and 50-60 kg/ha of oats.
For seeds, it can be grown in a mixture with white mustard, the seeding rate of mustard seeds is 5-7 kg/ha.
Seed peas are sown at the earliest possible date.
Techniques for controlling pests and diseases are similar to those used in crops of peas.
The main pests are: pea weevil and aphids, gray beet weevil, alfalfa cutworm caterpillar, meadow moth.
The main diseases of pelushka include ascochitosis, white rot, fusarium, peronosporosis, rust, and powdery mildew.
To combat pests and diseases, preference is given to agrotechnical methods: crop rotation, tillage, fertilization, weed control, selection of resistant varieties. Of the chemical measures, seed dressing is used.
Harvesting for seeds begins when 75-80% of the beans are ripe, usually in a separate way. Sometimes a direct combination is used. Delay in harvesting causes large losses in seed yield.
Sources
Crop production / P.P. Vavilov, V.V. Gritsenko, V.S. Kuznetsov and others; Ed. P.P. Vavilov. – 5th ed., revised. and additional – M.: Agropromizdat, 1986. – 512 p.: ill. – (Textbook and textbooks for higher educational institutions).
V.V. Kolomeichenko. Crop production / Textbook. — M.: Agrobusinesscenter, 2007. — 600 p. ISBN 978-5-902792-11-6.
Hairy vetch
Hairy vetch, or winter vetch, (Vicia villosa) is a forage crop related to annual legumes.
Source: flickr.com©Matt Lavin (CC BY-SA 2.0)
- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses
- Annual leguminous grasses
- Common vetch
- Hairy vetch (Русская версия)
- Annual leguminous grasses
Navigation
- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses
- Annual leguminous grasses
- Common vetch
- Hairy vetch (Русская версия)
- Annual leguminous grasses
Economic importance
Hairy vetch belongs to two-handled, but is grown as a winter crop. It is the only legume that is sown simultaneously with group I winter cereals. It can be grown during spring, summer mowing and stubble crops.
Due to its high fodder qualities, it is a valuable leguminous plant. Used fresh, for harvesting silage, haylage, hay, etc. Winter crops of vetch-rye mixture can be used for early spring grazing.
It is well eaten by animals, especially when mixed with cereal herbs in green or canned form. When sown in autumn, it provides early forage in spring with a high protein content. According to the data of the Voronezh Agricultural University, the use of hairy vetch in mixed crops with winter cereals increases the forage yield by 20-50%, the protein content by 1.5-2.0 times, with a lower feed cost.
The protein content in the above-ground dry mass before cutting for hay is 15-25%, fat – 1.4-2.4%, nitrogen-free extractives – 17-29%.
When sown in autumn, it can also serve as an annual early spring pasture, since it begins to bloom in May, while when sown in spring, mixed with oats, barley or Sudanese grass, it is suitable for grazing in late summer and autumn, flowering in this case occurs in mid-July.
After mowing or grazing, it grows back in 20-25 days. Rye is considered less suitable for fodder mixtures with hairy vetch than wheat, since rye coarsens by the time the vetch blooms. If this mixture is cut earlier, the yield will be reduced.
Hairy vetch is characterized by early maturity, high productivity and quality. It is not inferior to other legumes in terms of fodder qualities. The disadvantages of the culture include leaf fall and a bitter taste due to the presence of vicin and vicinin alkaloids. However, in mixed, the latter disadvantage is almost not manifested.
100 kg of green mass contains 13.7 feed units and 3.1 kg of digestible protein. 100 kg of hay contains 46.2 feed units and 12.4 kg of digestible protein. 100 kg of hay of a vetch-rye mixture – 48.5 feed units and 8.7 kg of digestible protein.
Hairy wiki protein includes all the essential amino acids. Protein digestibility coefficients are 69%, protein 65%, fiber 45%, fat 60%, BEV 68%.
Hairy vetch is also of agrotechnical importance, as it serves as an excellent predecessor in crop rotation for grain, fodder and row crops. Well suited as a green manure.
Honey plant.
With the breeding of the winter-hardy variety Glinkovskaya, it became possible to expand the sowing of this crop in the forest-steppe and steppe zones as a fallow-occupying and intermediate fodder crop. All crops of winter grain crops intended for early green fodder and partially for grain should be sown in a mixture with this variety.
As a spring crop, hairy vetch is cultivated in mixtures with oats, barley, annual ryegrass, Sudan grass, paisa, sorghum-Sudanka hybrid, millet, corn, mogar, chumiza, and sunflower.
Crop history
Hairy vetch is found in the wild in Western Asia and the Caucasus and is common there as a weed.
It has been grown in culture since the 19th century, but in some countries of Western Europe it has not received wide distribution.
Cultivation areas
The main areas of cultivation: the southern regions of the Non-Chernozem zone, the Voronezh, Tambov, Kursk regions, also in the North Caucasus, the western regions of the forest zone of the European part of the country.
The culture does well in regions with mild winters.
Yield
The yield of green mass is usually 20-30 t/ha, hay 4-5 t/ha.
According to long-term experimental data of the Gorsky Agricultural Institute, the yield of a green mixture of winter rye and hairy vetch was 29.3 t/ha. According to the Kuban Agricultural Institute, the yield of green mass of a mixture of hairy vetch and winter wheat is 23.0 t/ha.
With good agricultural practices, the yield of seeds collected from vetch-rye crops is 960 kg/ha of vetch seeds and 2000 kg/ha of rye grain.
Botanical description
The genus of vetch (Vicia) includes over 150 species, including 36 annuals. Only three are used in agricultural production:
- sowing vetch, or spring, – V. sativa L .;
- hairy vetch, or winter, or sandy, – V. villosa Roth;
- Vika Pannonian, or Hungarian, – V. pannonica Crantz.
Winter vetch, or hairy vetch, or sand vetch (Vicia villosa Roth).
The root is well developed, thin, taproot, has numerous lateral branches.
The stem is thin, strongly pubescent, branched, 70-120 cm high, quickly decumbent.
The leaves are paired, ending in a tendril. Number of leaflets 6-8-10 pairs, lanceolate, pubescent.
The inflorescence is an elongated axillary multiflorous raceme. The number of flowers in the inflorescence reaches 30. The color of the corolla is purple or reddish. Flowering begins from the lower flowers. Cross pollination.
The fruit is a bean of dark brown or yellow-brown color, flattened, elongated rhombic. The number of seeds in a bean is 2-8. Seeds are spherical, spotted, black or dark brown. Weight of 1000 seeds 25-31 g.
Biological features
Heat requirements
Vika shaggy is moderately demanding to heat.
Seeds begin to germinate at a temperature of 1-3 °C, the optimum temperature for the appearance of uniform seedlings is 14-18 °C. In the first phases of development, it requires relatively elevated temperatures. Seedlings are able to tolerate frosts down to -3…-6 ° С.
With the transition to winter, dry, clear weather is favorable with daytime temperatures of +10-12 °C, night temperatures – 0 °C, which contributes to the hardening of plants and an increase in winter hardiness.
At the beginning of the spring growing season, the optimum temperatures are 12-16 °C, in the budding phase 15-17 °C. During this period, frosts down to -5 °C are fatal. In the phases of flowering, pollination and seed filling, the average daily air temperature should be 16-22 °C and relative humidity of at least 50%. A good filling occurs at 16-20 °C, at temperatures above 25 °C, the proportion of hard seeds increases.
Frost resistance and winter hardiness are low. However, opinions about winter hardiness among scientists are ambiguous. Spring varieties of hairy vetch can freeze even during mild winters; dvuhruchki overwinter well, the highest winter hardiness in winter forms. Thus, the winter variety Glinkovskaya, in the complete absence of snow, overwintered by 90%, while winter wheat completely died (Voronezh Agricultural University).
Freezing of winter forms in the Central Chernozem zone is observed at
a temperature at a depth of occurrence of renewal buds of -18…-20 °C (Korenev G.V., Zhitin Yu.I., 1990). With stable snow cover, it tolerates temperatures up to -25…-30 °С.
Sharp fluctuations in temperature in winter and variable thawing and freezing of the soil, especially in the spring, are dangerous, which leads to mass death of plants.
In some years, there may be a significant thinning of crops due to damping and soaking.
Moisture requirements
Moisture-loving plant. More drought tolerant than spring vetch.
Moisture consumption depends on the vegetation phase.
During germination, the seeds consume at least 100% of their mass of water. The reserve of productive moisture in the sowing horizon should be at least 10 mm, in the arable – 40-50 mm. Excess moisture can lead to the death of seeds due to lack of oxygen.
Optimum soil moisture before flowering 70-80% of the lowest moisture capacity, during the formation and filling of seeds 60-70% of the lowest moisture capacity. Higher humidity leads to inhibition of plants.
Despite drought resistance, hairy vetch does not tolerate severe drying of the soil. When the soil moisture is less than 30% of the field moisture capacity, the complete death of plants is noted.
Light requirements
Shade tolerant, shade tolerant. During the period of autumn development, clear sunny weather is favorable for plants, which contributes to the development of the underground part of the shoots, the accumulation of sugars and an increase in winter hardiness.
Long day plant. The duration of daylight hours and the intensity of illumination directly affect the activity of nitrogen fixation.
Soil requirements
It is undemanding to the soil. It can grow on light sandy, sandy, calcareous soils, as well as soils with a high lime content.
Chernozem, breathable, deep-humus, well-filled soils with a neutral or slightly acidic reaction are optimally suited. pH 6-7.
It grows poorly on heavy, clayey, swimming, waterlogged and acidic soils, tolerates salinization.
In depressions of the relief it can get wet, on hills, where snow is easily blown away, it can freeze.
Vegetation
Vegetation usually begins in the fall and ends in the summer of the following year. Taking advantage of favorable autumn conditions, it forms a larger biomass than common vetch.
A polymorphic species, according to the type of development, is represented by a complex population of biotypes, among which there are two-handled, spring and winter forms.
Phenological phases:
- germination;
- seedlings;
- branching;
- budding;
- bloom;
- bean formation;
- maturation.
When sowing in the fall, the first three phases take place in the fall, the rest – in the spring and summer of the next year.
During germination, it does not bring cotyledons to the soil surface. Germination ends with the formation of a seedling and root. The first nitrogen-fixing nodules are laid 6-10 days after germination, after 14 days they can already provide the plants need for nitrogen.
Branching begins 7-15 days after germination. The main stem stops growing and dies.
Lateral shoots are formed from a node close to the soil surface. Vetch hairy part has underground tillering nodes, from which new shoots are formed. According to the type of shoot formation, three types of development are distinguished:
- spring – during autumn and spring sowing, shoots are formed only from aboveground branching nodes;
- two-handled – when sown in autumn, the formation of shoots occurs from
underground and above-ground buds, during spring – mainly from above-ground; - at any time of sowing, underground shoot formation prevails.
When sown in autumn, it blooms 1.5 months after the complete disappearance of the snow cover and continues until harvest. When sown in spring – 60-65 days after germination. Flowering is extended.
Hairy Vika is a typical entomophile. Pollination occurs mainly by honey bees and bumblebees.
Stems grow relatively quickly. Their greatest growth falls on the period from budding to the end of flowering. The maximum average daily accumulation of dry matter is noted in the flowering phase.
The transition from flowering to fruit formation is implicit, since the phases overlap each other. Ripening usually occurs 30-40 days after flowering.
Agrotechnology
Hairy vetch is usually grown as a winter crop mixed with winter cereals. It is also sown in spring and summer mixed with spring cereals.
In the forest-steppe zone, hairy vetch and its mixtures are placed after early harvested grain and leguminous crops, corn for green fodder.
For green fodder, hairy vetch is sown in a mixture with rye in a busy fallow or stubble after harvesting winter crops. Stubble crops are effective in the south of the country with a warm, long autumn and sufficient rainfall.
For seeds, it is better to place it in a fodder, vegetable or farm rotation, so as not to sow the subsequent crop with carrion. When placing seed crops in a field crop rotation, perennial grasses are sown under it. In this case, the vetch shoots emerging from the carrion will develop along with the oversown grasses and will be harvested along with the perennial grasses. In some cases, after harvesting hairy vetch for seeds, annual grasses or tilled crops are sown to help clear the field of fallen seeds.
In the steppe of Ukraine, the cultivation of hairy vetch with winter wheat often gives a greater yield of green mass than in a mixture with rye or barley. In the Carpathian region, it is sown in mixtures with rye or winter rapeseed. A mixture of hairy vetch with winter rapeseed allows you to get green fodder 7-12 days earlier than a mixture with winter rye.
Fertilizer
Hairy vetch does not respond well to increased soil acidity. Therefore, liming leads to an increase in the yield of hay and seeds. For example, liming the soil at 0.5 hydrolytic acidity increased the yield of the vetch-rye mixture by 27.6% (All-Russian Research Institute of Fodder).
Mineral fertilizers increase the winter hardiness of plants. Thus, the introduction of 250 kg/ha of superphosphate, 100 kg/ha of potassium chloride and 150 kg/ha of ammonium nitrate for presowing cultivation increased the winter hardiness of hairy vetch. For 2-3 years, the number of surviving plants after overwintering on the fertilized variant averaged 89.2%, on the control – 57.3% (Research Institute of Agriculture of the Central Non-Black Soil Zone).
Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers help to increase the yield of vetch, nitrogen – cereal components.
In the Non-Chernozem zone, under the vetch-rye mixture, it is recommended to pre-sow phosphorus-potassium fertilizers in the norm P60K60. In the spring, top dressing N30-45 is done. In general cases, P30K30 is applied under the main treatment, when sowing in rows P10-15 and in the spring in top dressing N20-30.
Hairy vetch is responsive to organic fertilizers. For example, the introduction of 20-30 t/ha of manure increased the share of vetch in the crop by 16.2% (Chernigov Agricultural Experimental Station). If winter vetch-cereal mixtures are grown as fallow-occupying crops, up to 40 t/ha of manure is applied under them.
Tillage
When sowing in autumn, the usual system of steam tillage is used. When sowing in spring – autumn cultivation and pre-sowing spring cultivation with harrowing.
Sowing
Hairy vetch is sown for 2 weeks before the optimal sowing time for winter rye, the latter is sown on vetch shoots. Simultaneous sowing of vetch and rye at the optimal time for the latter does not allow the vetch to develop well enough and leads to its almost complete death in the winter. The same recommendation holds for winter wheat and triticale.
The best time for sowing for fodder in the forest-steppe zone is August 15-20. Cereal components in this zone can be sown simultaneously with it, but it can also be sown according to its seedlings.
Recommended autumn sowing rates for the Nonchernozem zone are 100 kg/ha of hairy vetch and 60 kg/ha of winter rye; in Ukraine and the North Caucasus – 60-80 kg/ha of vetch seeds and winter rye.
When sowing hairy vetch mixed with oats in spring, the recommended sowing rate for vetch is 120 kg/ha, for oats 80 kg/ha. Sowing the mixture is carried out as early as possible.
In the forest-steppe and steppe zone, when grown for fodder, the recommended sowing rate is 2 million pcs/ha, or 60 kg/ha of vetch seeds and 2 million pcs/ha of winter
cereals.
Mixtures of hairy vetch with corn or sunflower are sown with row spacing of 45 cm.
Seeding depth 4-6 cm, followed by rolling.
Crop care
Depending on the condition of the plants emerging from under the snow, spring tillage consists in loosening with medium harrows in one track or, in case of poor development, with rotary hoes.
Hairy vetch, as well as other leguminous crops, is often affected by fungal diseases. The complete death of crops is rare, but the yield reduction can reach 20-30%.
The main diseases of this crop include ascochitosis, powdery mildew, peronosporosis, rust and gray rot. The main role in the system of disease control measures is given to agricultural practices:
- creating a good agrotechnical background;
- timely and high-quality tillage;
- liming acidic soils;
- the introduction of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers;
- crop rotation;
- weed control;
- selection of varieties;
- sowing mixtures;
- harvesting at the optimum time;
- cleaning and drying seeds.
In the fight against diseases, seed dressing is effective, which is carried out in the same way as for leguminous crops.
The main pests of the hairy vetch include nodule weevil, phytonomus, striped and bristly weevil, bean weevil, meadow moth caterpillars, gamma scoops, and vetch aphids. Control measures include agricultural and sometimes chemical methods.
Harvest
Hairy vetch can be used for fodder purposes from the beginning of flowering to the formation of green beans. Harvesting is completed before the heading of the cereal component. In the green conveyor, the mixture of vetch with rye is first removed, then with triticale, and finally with wheat.
If hairy vetch predominates in the herbage, then it is better to start harvesting for food during its flowering, ending at the beginning of fruit formation. If the proportion of vetch in the herbage is less than 40%, it is better to start harvesting taking into account the development of cereal components, since the onset of the heading phase sharply reduces the feed mass eaten by animals.
The vetch-rye mixture sown before winter is usually harvested for green fodder in the Non-Chernozem zone at the end of May, in Ukraine – at the beginning of May.
When harvesting for hay, dried mass is recommended to be dried by active ventilation, since ordinary field drying is associated with large losses from the shedding of hairy vetch leaves.
Growing for seeds
Hairy vetch is sown on seeds in its pure form or in a mixture with a winter grain crop.
For rapid propagation of seeds, wide-row crops are used with row spacing of 30-45 cm. The seeding rate is 20-30 kg/ha. Good yields are obtained at a seeding rate of 2 million pieces/ha of germinating seeds of vetch and wheat.
Rye inhibits vetch more strongly and outstrips it in development, so it is less preferable in seed plots.
The yield of seeds increases with the introduction of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. For example, when applying phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, the yield of vetch seeds increased from 660 to 820 kg/ha on average over 5 years.
Before sowing, the seeds are treated with bacterial preparations (pea rhizotorphin).
Seed plots are often harvested in a separate way. Harvesting begins when 50-60% of the beans in the lower racemes are ripe, as the maturation of the hairy vetch is extended, and overripe beans easily crack. To prevent large losses, the threshing of the rolls is carried out after 1-2 days.
According to other recommendations, hairy vetch seeds are harvested during the ripening period of rye or winter wheat. By this time, as a rule, the proportion of mature wiki beans is 75-80%.
Direct combining can also be used with uniform bean ripening.
Seeds can be obtained from the second cut. Sometimes this is done to prevent the mass spread of pests. In this case, on developed crops, at the beginning of the budding phase, the first cut is made, collecting 6-8 t/ha of green mass. Under favorable weather conditions, the plants grow well, bloom and have time to give a full crop of seeds.
Seeds obtained from mixed crops with winter grains are easily separated on hills and triremes. If necessary, the seeds are dried and stored for storage.
Sources
Crop production / P.P. Vavilov, V.V. Gritsenko, V.S. Kuznetsov and others; Ed. P.P. Vavilov. – 5th ed., revised. and additional – M.: Agropromizdat, 1986. – 512 p.: ill. – (Textbook and textbooks for higher educational institutions).
V.V. Kolomeichenko. Crop production / Textbook. — M.: Agrobusinesscenter, 2007. — 600 p. ISBN 978-5-902792-11-6.
Fundamentals of agricultural production technology. Agriculture and crop production. Ed. V.S. Niklyaev. – M .: “Epic”, 2000. – 555 p.
Common vetch
Spring vetch, or common vetch, (Vicia sativa) is a fodder crop related to annual legumes.
Source: flickr.com©Harry Rose (CC BY 2.0)
- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses
- Annual leguminous grasses
- Common vetch (Русская версия)
- Annual leguminous grasses
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- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses
- Annual leguminous grasses
- Common vetch (Русская версия)
- Annual leguminous grasses
Economic importance
Common vetch is one of the most important fodder crops. It gives a green mass, with a high protein content, and has good technological properties, which allows it to be used for fodder for the winter.
100 kg of green mass collected in the flowering phase contains 16.5-20 feed units and 4-4.5 kg of digestible protein. 100 kg of hay contains 45.8 feed units and 6.8-12.3 kg of digestible protein. 100 kg of grain contains 116 feed units and 22 kg of digestible protein.
Seeds, chaff and straw of spring common are used for fodder purposes. 1 feed unit corresponds to the content of digestible protein: in hay – 295 g, in green mass – 274 g, in grain – 196 g, in straw – 100 g.
In the green mass of mowing and stubble crops, the protein content is higher. For example, the protein content in the green mass of common vetch was 17.6% when sown in the spring, and 22.3% when sown for mowing (VNII fodder).
Stubble and post-harvest crops contribute to the cleansing of fields from weeds, reduce or prevent the action of water or wind erosion, enrich the soil with organic matter and nitrogen.
It has a bitter taste due to the alkaloids vicin and vicinin contained in it, therefore, in its pure form, it is not very well eaten by animals. This is one of the reasons why it is grown in a mixture with other well eaten crops, usually cereals. Such mixtures are usually more productive.
Common vetch and its mixtures with other crops are of great agrotechnical importance. In the forest-steppe zone, it is the most common fallow crop and serves as a good predecessor for cereals and other crops in crop rotations. It often plays the role of an insurance crop in years that are unfavorable for overwintering of perennial legume grasses. To replenish the forage areas of fallen crops, they are often resown with a vetch-oat mixture. Together with root and crop residues of spring vetch, 40-50 kg/ha of nitrogen enters the soil.
Stubble crops of vetch-oat mixture give high yields on the irrigated lands of the North Caucasus, Moldova, and southern Ukraine.
Crop history
Common vetch is considered an ancient culture originating from Western Asia and the Mediterranean, where it occurs in natural phytocenoses.
In Russia, it has been cultivated since the 15th-16th centuries. in the forest and forest-steppe zones, as well as in the north of the steppe zone.
Cultivation areas
Cultivated in the Non-Chernozem zone, forest-steppe regions with sufficient moisture in the Central Black Earth zone, Western Siberia. In arid areas and regions of insufficient moisture, it is rarely grown.
Yield
The yield of green mass of vetch and its mixtures in the forest-steppe zone is approximately 15-25 t/ha, hay – 4-6 t/ha, seeds – 1500-2000 kg/ha.
Botanical description
Spring vetch, or common vetch, (Vicia sativa L.) is an annual leguminous plant.
Taproot, well developed.
The stem is thin, clinging, decumbent, up to 50-100 cm long.
The leaves are paired, 5-8 pairs, ending in antennae.
The inflorescence includes 1-2 axillary sessile flowers, purple or red.
The fruit is an oblong, multi-seeded bean. Seeds are round or slightly flattened, dark, grey-green or white. Weight of 1000 pieces – 40-75 g.
Biological features
Common vetch is a long day plant. With a day length of 13-13.5 hours, the height of plants decreases and the formation of generative organs stops.
Sowing vetch is a cold-resistant, low-demanding culture. Seeds begin to germinate at a temperature of 2-3 °C, the optimum temperature for the appearance of uniform seedlings is 8 °C.
It tolerates frosts down to -5 … -7 °С. The optimum temperature for the formation of green mass is 12-16 ° C, for seed ripening – 16-20 °C.
The sum of active temperatures for the formation of green mass is 900 °C, seeds – 1900 °C.
Sowing vetch is a moisture-loving crop. With the total precipitation for May-July equal to 90-130 mm, the hay yield is no more than 1.5 t/ha, with a moisture content of 200-230 mm it reaches 4-6.5 t/ha. The maximum water consumption falls on the flowering phase. Optimal moisture is formed when the annual precipitation is not less than 450 mm.
Relatively demanding on soils. The soil should have a neutral or slightly acidic reaction, the optimal acidity is pH 5.0-6.5 (according to other sources, pH 6.0-6.8). Prefers connected fertile chernozems and lowland peatlands. Waterlogged, heavy, floating, waterlogged, solonetzic, sandy soils are unsuitable.
Biological features
When seeds germinate, the cotyledons remain in the soil. The first 2-3 leaves have only one pair of leaflets. On the 5th-6th day after germination, the growth of the main stem stops and branching begins.
Before the beginning of the flowering phase, the stems develop slowly, the average daily growth is no more than 1.5 cm, the height of the plants does not exceed 50 cm. During this period, 43-45% of the fodder mass is formed.
The flowering phase is extended. Flowers bloom from the lower tier of the plant to the upper. Beans begin to form from the lower flowers, while the upper ones only bloom.
Depending on weather conditions, flowering can last 20-30 days. Optional self-pollinator. In the period from the beginning of flowering to the formation of the first beans, the average daily growth of stems is 3.0-3.5 cm, the average daily growth of green mass increases from 0.47-0.51 to 1.17-1.55 t/ha.
By the time of fruit formation, the height of plants reaches 80 cm. By this period, the maximum yield of dry matter with the highest content of protein and nutrients is formed.
Flowering occurs 40-60 days after sowing, cutting maturity – after 55-70 days, seed ripening – after 75-120 days (depending on the variety).
The total length of the growing season for:
- early maturing varieties is 75-90 days;
- mid-season – 110-120 days;
- late-ripening – up to 140 days.
Crop rotation
In the forest-steppe zone in crop rotations, vetch and its mixtures are placed for fodder after spring grain and tilled crops in a seeded fallow.
In field rotations, they are placed in a fallow field, harvested for hay or green fodder is carried out as early as possible to prepare the soil for sowing winter crops.
When cultivating for grain, they are placed after grain or tilled crops.
The vetch-oat mixture is suitable for cultivation on newly developed virgin and fallow lands.
Fertilizer
Common vetch is responsive to the introduction of manure for the main tillage of 20-40 t/ha and P45-60K45-60.
Acidic soils are lime.
When sowing, simultaneously apply 50 kg/ha of granular superphosphate to the rows.
Sowing
Sowing for fodder purposes is started in early spring, usually mixed with oats or other supporting plants.
Pre-sowing seed treatment includes dressing, treatment with bacterial preparations (pea rhizotorphin) on the day of sowing and molybdenum microfertilizers. Bacterial preparations increase the yield of hay by 15%. Molybdenum microfertilizers are especially effective in the Non-Chernozem zone.
Under conditions of sufficient soil moisture to provide a green conveyor, the vetch-oat mixture is sown in 2-3 terms with an interval of 7-15 days, as well as for mowing and stubble.
The method of sowing is the usual ordinary at the same time as grain, the ratio of components in the mixture is determined taking into account moisture. In the forest-steppe zone, with sufficient moisture supply, the proportion of oats is increased to prevent early lodging of the herbage, in the arid steppe it is reduced so that the vetch is less oppressed.
The highest collection of protein is obtained when the ratio of the number of seeds of vetch and oats is 2-3:1. The higher the proportion of vetch in the mixture, the earlier and stronger the grass stand lodging occurs. Therefore, the ratio of components is also determined taking into account the purpose of using the vegetative mass:
- for green fodder – 2-3: 1;
- for hay – 1-2: 1;
- for haylage and silage – 1:1.
- If later harvesting is planned, then the share of the cereal component is increased to prevent lodging of the herbage.
The total seeding rate when cultivated for fodder purposes is 4-5 million units/ha, or 180-220 kg/ha.
Seeding depth – 3-6 cm.
At late sowing dates, moisture-loving and non-heat-resistant oats can be replaced with drought- and heat-resistant cereal grasses, for example, Sudanese grass , sorghum-Sudanese hybrid, millet, paiza, chumizu, mogar. At the same time, under conditions of sufficient moisture in the second half of summer, some of them make it possible to obtain a second cut or aftermath, especially Sudanese grass and paisa. The general seeding rate for such grass mixtures is 100-120 kg/ha, of which 80-100 kg/ha is vetch and 20 kg/ha is Sudan grass.
During the summer sowing of vetch-cereal mixtures (cutting), the seeding rate is increased by 20-25%.
In some cases, repeated crops of common vetch, sown after the harvest of the first crop, can be used. In this case, the field is immediately processed and planting begins. Delay in sowing leads to a sharp decrease in yield. The seeding rate for re-sowing is increased by 15-20% compared to spring sowing. The depth of planting seeds, as a rule, increases to 4-5 cm, since a shallower incorporation causes thinning of crops.
Crop care
After sowing, the soil is rolled, followed by harrowing with light harrows. This technique is especially important during late spring and summer sowing to prevent rapid drying of the
topsoil.
Forage crops of vetch with oats or other fodder crops tend to be little damaged by pests and diseases, and severe infestation is rarely observed, so chemical control agents are used very rarely.
Harvest
Harvesting for green fodder and hay is started during the full flowering period of the vetch. By harvesting for haylage and silage – in the phase of seed filling in the lower pods.
The optimal harvesting time also depends on the composition of the herbage. The larger the proportion of common vetch, the closer the harvesting time is shifted to the beginning of the pod formation phase. If oats predominate in the herbage, the harvesting time is shifted to the panicle heading phase, since later harvesting times lead to coarsening of the oats and a decrease in the quality of the feed.
Growing for seeds
For seed purposes, common vetch is usually sown in a mixture with another component as a supporting crop with a fairly strong stem, low foliage and similar growth and development. Usually it is oats or white mustard. Early maturing varieties of vetch can be sown in addition to late maturing oats, also with barley and white mustard.
When choosing a site for seed plants, it is necessary that the soil has an acidity of at least pH 4.5 (optimally pH 6.5-7.0), since spring vetch does not bloom on acidic soils or gives a low yield of puny seeds. It is placed in a field where manure was applied 2-3 years ago. Placement of seed plants in a manured field can cause heavy lodging of plants and poor maturation.
For the formation of 1 ton of seeds with the corresponding amount of above-ground mass, common vetch takes out 15 kg P2O5, 18 kg K2O and 65 kg N from the soil. Therefore, to obtain a high seed yield, apply phosphorus and potash fertilizers. The introduction of 90 kg/ha P2O5 in the form of superphosphate increases the yield of seeds by 25-30% and reduces the growing season by 4-5 days. The greatest strength of the stems of oats sown in a mixture with spring vetch, reaches the introduction of R 60 K 60 (All-Russian Research Institute of Fodder). Also, good results are obtained by the introduction of phosphorite flour for autumn plowing at 400-500 kg/ha.
Before sowing, the seeds are treated with molybdenum microfertilizers at the rate of 50-100 g of molybdenum diluted in 2 liters of water per hectare seed norm.
To prevent the development of diseases (ascochitosis, rot, anthracnose, bacteriosis, mold, etc.), seeds are treated with Fundazol, TMTD, Aktamyr.
With seed culture, the recommended ratio of vetch and oats is 2:1. In the north-west of the Non-Chernozem zone (Leningrad region), the share of vetch is reduced to 0.35-0.5 in relation to oats. In the northern regions of the Central Black Earth zone, the highest yields are obtained at a ratio of 3:1. In the central regions of the Non-Chernozem Zone, the best results are obtained at a seeding rate of 5.5 million/ha, including 1.1 million seeds of common vetch and 4.4 million seeds of oats, or in terms of weight – 50 kg/ha of spring vetch and 150- 160 kg/ha of oats .
According to the Lgovskaya Experimental Breeding Station VNIIS, in the Central Chernozem zone the best results are achieved at a seeding rate of 110-120 kg/ha of vetch and 50-60 kg/ha of oats. In Western Siberia, the recommended seeding rate is 80 kg/ha for vetch and 120 kg/ha for oats. In the Urals – no more than 1 million/ha of oat seeds and 2.2 million/ha of spring vetch seeds.
Good results are obtained by co-sowing vetch with white mustard. The seeding rate of mustard seeds is 6-8 kg/ha.
When sowing common vetch for seeds in its pure form, the seeding rate is 2-2.5 million/ha, or 120-130 kg/ha, however, in clean crops, it is difficult to harvest seeds.
Sowing is carried out as early as possible.
In crops, pre-emergence herbicides Prometrin and Gezagard can be used to control weeds.
Harvesting is started when the seeds in the beans of the lower and middle tiers reach the phase of waxy ripeness. Seeds can ripen well in beans. Usually, a separate harvesting method is used, but in years with a dry second half of the summer or when desiccants are used, direct combining is used.
Sources
Crop production / P.P. Vavilov, V.V. Gritsenko, V.S. Kuznetsov and others; Ed. P.P. Vavilov. – 5th ed., revised. and additional – M.: Agropromizdat, 1986. – 512 p.: ill. – (Textbook and textbooks for higher educational institutions).
V.V. Kolomeichenko. Crop production / Textbook. — M.: Agrobusinesscenter, 2007. — 600 p. ISBN 978-5-902792-11-6.
Fundamentals of agricultural production technology. Agriculture and crop production. Ed. V.S. Niklyaev. – M .: “Epic”, 2000. – 555 p.
Annual grasses
Annual grasses are a group of annual fodder crops.
- Forage crops
- Perennial grasses
- Annual grasses (Русская версия)
Biological features
Annual grasses differ significantly in biological characteristics and fodder properties.
Among annual fodder grasses, there are species with slow growth in the initial period and relatively high shade tolerance. For example, a triple mixture of vetch, oats and Sudanese grass allows you to get a green mass of vetch and oats in the first cut, and a green mass from the stems and leaves of Sudanese grass in the second and subsequent cuts.
Their growing seasons are different, unlike perennial grasses, they are characterized by a faster accumulation of the crop. Harvest ripeness can occur 55-65 days after sowing.
Annual grasses are characterized by a short growing season, which makes it possible to sow them at different times, thus providing animals with green fodder for a long period. The combination of fodder crops with a short and long growing season also allows you to extend the use of green fodder in livestock.
Many types of annual grasses, for example, spring vetch, pelushka, sowing rank, broad beans, give high yields of seeds with a high content of protein and essential amino acids, especially lysine.
Major crops
Annual grasses can be divided into two groups depending on which family the crop belongs to: annual legume grasses and annual grasses (bluegrass) grasses.
Meaning
Under annual grasses in the 70-80s in the USSR, 10-12 million hectares were occupied. By 2001-2005, the area occupied in Russia amounted to 5.9 million hectares. Gross harvest of hay fell by 3 times during this period. The average hay yield did not change and amounted to 1.5-1.7 t/ha. There is no official statistics on the types and varieties of annual grasses used in Russia.
Annual grasses are used for green fodder, hay, silage, granulated and briquetted fodder, and as pasture plants.
To improve the quality and nutritional value of feed, mixed crops of cereals and legumes, and sometimes with plants of other families, such as sunflower, are important.
In the zone of sufficient moisture, they serve as good fallow-occupying crops. For example, a fallow field occupied by a mixture of annual grasses makes it possible to obtain green fodder and free the field in time for sowing winter crops. According to the data for 24 years of observations of the department of crop production of the Moscow Agricultural Academy, the vetch-oat mixture in the seeded fallow of the six- field fodder crop rotation made it possible to obtain 25 t/ha of green mass annually.
Annual grasses can be used as stubble and hay crops. In regions where a sufficient number of warm and humid days remain after harvesting grain crops , stubble crops of vetch-oat or pea-oat mixtures yield 15 t/ha of green mass.
The importance of annual grasses in field fodder production is increasing due to the intensification of agriculture, which creates favorable conditions for expanding the sown areas of annual grasses and increasing their yield. From a biological point of view, intensive crop rotation is understood as crop rotation , which allows cultivated plants to accumulate the maximum possible amount of photosynthetically active solar radiation. At the same time, the use of annual grasses as catch crops makes it possible to increase the use of solar energy by cultivated plants.
Annual grasses, primarily legumes, are of great agrotechnical importance. Almost all of them can serve as good predecessors for grain and industrial crops in crop rotation. Can serve as a cover crop for perennial grasses.
Yield
The average yield of hay of annual grasses collected in variety plots is approximately 4 t/ha. Under irrigation conditions, the yield increases significantly. Thus, 10.5 t/ha of hay is harvested during irrigation in the variety plots of the Saratov region, 12.7 t/ha in the Penza region, and 10.5 t/ha in the Krasnodar Territory. However, under production conditions, the yield of annual grasses is much lower, about 1.4-1.6 t/ha.
The yield of annual grasses used as intermediate crops, for example, in the experiments of the Voronezh Agricultural Institute for a vetch-oat mixture sown after winter rye for grain, was 8.8 t/ha of green mass, in the Carpathian region – 7.9 t/ha.
Sources
Fundamentals of agricultural production technology. Agriculture and crop production. Ed. V.S. Niklyaev. – M .: “Epic”, 2000. – 555 p.